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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

致酒行

The, Song, of, the, Offering, the, Wine

李贺

Li He

咏怀memory 酒宴wine

零落栖迟一杯酒，主人奉觞客长寿。
主父西游困不归，家人折断门前柳。
吾闻马周昔作新丰客，天荒地老无人识。
空将笺上两行书，直犯龙颜请恩泽。
我有迷魂招不得，雄鸡一声天下白。
少年心事当拏云，谁念幽寒坐呜呃。

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Meaning

A poem of the encouragement and the hope, written by Li He. Fallen and drifting a single cup of the wine, the host offering the goblet the guest the long life — the wine of the opening. The Zhufu going west the journey trapped not returning, the family people breaking off the willows before the door — the examples of the middle. I have heard the Ma the Zhou once the guest of the Xinfeng, the heaven old and the earth old no one recognizing him — the examples of the middle. And the close's I have the lost soul the summoning not obtaining, the rooster a single cry the world white — the close's hope. The poem is the encouragement and the hope: the wine, the examples, and the close's hope.

零落栖迟，一杯酒解愁；主人举杯，祝客长寿。主父（主父偃）西游困顿不归，家人折断了门前的杨柳。我听说马周昔日做客新丰，天荒地老无人识得。空将笺上的两行书，直犯龙颜请求恩泽。我有迷魂招不回来，雄鸡一声，天下大白。少年心事应当拏云（凌云），谁念幽寒坐而呜呃（悲叹）？

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Fallen, and, drifting, a, single, cup, of, the, wine, the, host, offering, the, goblet, the, guest, the, long, life. The, Zhufu, going, west, the, journey, trapped, not, returning, the, family, people, breaking, off, the, willows, before, the, door. I, have, heard, the, Ma, the, Zhou, once, the, guest, of, the, Xinfeng, the, heaven, old, and, the, earth, old, no, one, recognizing, him. In, the, vain, taking, the, two, lines, of, the, writing, on, the, paper, directly, offending, the, dragon, the, face, requesting, the, grace, and, the, favor. I, have, the, lost, soul, the, summoning, not, obtaining, the, rooster, a, single, cry, the, world, white. The, heart, of, the, youth, should, seize, the, clouds, who, cares, for, the, sitting, in, the, cold, the, gloom, the, sobbing, and, the, choking. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the wine of the fallen with the host, through the examples of the Zhufu with the Ma the Zhou, to the close's the hope of the rooster a single cry. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the hope: in the vain taking the two lines of the writing on the paper, and the close's I have the lost soul the summoning not obtaining the rooster a single cry the world white the heart of the youth should seize the clouds — the wine gathered in the examples and the close's hope. [Emotional Tone] Fallen, encouraged, and hopeful: the poem is the wine, the examples and the close's hope.

【白话串讲】李贺写《致酒行》：“零落栖迟一杯酒，主人奉觞客长寿”——“主父西游困不归，家人折断门前柳”——“我有迷魂招不得，雄鸡一声天下白”——“少年心事当拏云，谁念幽寒坐呜呃”——他写怀才不遇与少年的凌云志。【意象与手法】此诗写怀才不遇的感慨与凌云之志，是李贺的名篇。前四句写酒宴与主父偃的典故：「零落栖迟一杯酒」写零落栖迟、借酒消愁，「主人奉觞客长寿」写主人举杯祝寿，「主父西游困不归」用主父偃西游困顿之典，「家人折断门前柳」写家人盼归折柳；中四句写马周的典故与自己的身世：「吾闻马周昔作新丰客」用马周新丰客之典，「天荒地老无人识」写无人赏识，「空将笺上两行书，直犯龙颜请恩泽」写马周上书直犯龙颜；后四句写凌云之志：「我有迷魂招不得」写迷魂难招，「雄鸡一声天下白」写雄鸡一唱天下白，「少年心事当拏云」写少年应有凌云志，「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」写谁念幽寒悲叹。全诗以酒宴写怀才不遇，以典故写志向，写尽困顿中的凌云之志，正是李贺「瑰奇」诗风的本领。【情感与主旨】此诗约作于李贺在长安任奉礼郎时期，写怀才不遇的感慨与凌云之志。李贺（790—816），字长吉，福昌（今河南宜阳）人，中唐著名诗人，人称「诗鬼」。李贺才华横溢，然因避父讳（父名晋肃，「晋」与「进」同音），不得应进士举，仕途困顿，只任奉礼郎等小官。此诗写于困顿中，以酒宴写感慨：零落栖迟，一杯酒解愁，主人举杯祝客长寿；主父（主父偃，汉代游士，西游困顿）西游困顿不归，家人折断了门前的杨柳（盼归）；我听说马周（唐代名臣，早年落魄，作客新丰）昔日做客新丰，天荒地老无人识得，空将笺上的两行书，直犯龙颜请求恩泽（马周后来得唐太宗赏识，任中书令）；我有迷魂招不回来（化用屈原《招魂》），雄鸡一声，天下大白；少年心事应当拏云（凌云），谁念幽寒坐而呜呃（悲叹）？全诗以主父偃、马周的典故自况，写尽怀才不遇的感慨与终将发迹的凌云之志，正是李贺「瑰奇」诗风的本领。【名句点睛】常考「雄鸡一声天下白」写迷魂招回、天下大白的壮志；「少年心事当拏云」写凌云之志；「主父西游困不归」「吾闻马周昔作新丰客」用典自况；「我有迷魂招不得」化用《招魂》；以及全诗以酒宴写怀才不遇、以典故写凌云之志的手法。

Background

Li He (790-816), the poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Song, of, the, Offering, the, Wine' of the encouragement and the hope — the hope of the encouragement in the years of the failure. The wine of the fallen, and the close's the hope of the rooster a single cry — the poem gathers the hope of the poet, the spirit of the youth. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the encouragement.

此诗约作于李贺在长安任奉礼郎时期（元和年间），写怀才不遇的感慨与凌云之志。李贺（790—816），字长吉，福昌（今河南宜阳）人，中唐著名诗人，人称「诗鬼」，与李白、李商隐并称「三李」。李贺才华横溢，少年即有诗名，然因避父讳（父名晋肃，「晋」与「进」同音），不得应进士举，仕途困顿，只任奉礼郎等九品小官，郁郁不得志，二十七岁即英年早逝。此诗写于困顿中，以酒宴写感慨：起句「零落栖迟一杯酒」写零落栖迟、借酒消愁——零落写飘零，栖迟写困顿；「主人奉觞客长寿」写主人举杯祝客长寿；「主父西游困不归」用主父偃之典——主父偃是汉代游士，西游长安困顿，久不归家，家人折断门前杨柳盼归；「吾闻马周昔作新丰客，天荒地老无人识」用马周之典——马周是唐代名臣，早年落魄，客居新丰（今陕西临潼），无人赏识；「空将笺上两行书，直犯龙颜请恩泽」写马周后来以奏疏上达唐太宗，得赏识而显达；「我有迷魂招不得，雄鸡一声天下白」化用《楚辞·招魂》——迷魂难招，而雄鸡一唱，天下大白，暗写自己终将出头；「少年心事当拏云，谁念幽寒坐呜呃」写少年应有凌云志（拏云即凌云），谁念幽寒者坐而悲叹（呜呃即悲叹）。全诗以主父偃、马周的典故自况，写尽怀才不遇的感慨与终将发迹的凌云之志，是理解李贺身世感慨与中唐士人心态的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the hope. The wine opens: fallen, and, drifting, a, single, cup, of, the, wine — the fallen of the single cup of the wine; the, host, offering, the, goblet, the, guest, the, long, life — the host of the offering the goblet. The examples follow: the, Zhufu, going, west, the, journey, trapped, not, returning — the Zhufu of the trapped not returning; the, family, people, breaking, off, the, willows, before, the, door — the family of the breaking off the willows; I, have, heard, the, Ma, the, Zhou, once, the, guest, of, the, Xinfeng — the Ma the Zhou of the guest of the Xinfeng; the, heaven, old, and, the, earth, old, no, one, recognizing, him — the no one of the recognizing him; in, the, vain, taking, the, two, lines, of, the, writing, on, the, paper — the two lines of the writing; directly, offending, the, dragon, the, face, requesting, the, grace, and, the, favor — the dragon the face of the requesting the grace. And the close gathers the hope: I, have, the, lost, soul, the, summoning, not, obtaining — the lost soul of the summoning not obtaining; the, rooster, a, single, cry, the, world, white — the rooster of the world white; the, heart, of, the, youth, should, seize, the, clouds — the heart of the youth of the seizing the clouds; who, cares, for, the, sitting, in, the, cold, the, gloom, the, sobbing, and, the, choking — the sitting in the cold of the sobbing — the wine, the examples and the close's hope, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以酒宴写感慨。起句「零落栖迟一杯酒，主人奉觞客长寿」写酒宴——那「零落栖迟」写飘零困顿，「一杯酒」写借酒消愁，「主人奉觞客长寿」写主人举杯祝寿，以酒宴写困顿中的感慨。其二，以典故自况。「主父西游困不归，家人折断门前柳」用主父偃之典自况困顿不归；「吾闻马周昔作新丰客，天荒地老无人识」用马周之典自况无人赏识，以典故写怀才不遇。其三，以雄奇写壮志。「我有迷魂招不得，雄鸡一声天下白」写迷魂难招而雄鸡一唱天下大白——那「雄鸡一声天下白」以雄奇写尽迷魂招回、天下大白的壮志，是千古名句；「少年心事当拏云」写少年凌云之志，以雄奇写尽壮志。其四，以反问写幽寒。「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」以反问写谁念幽寒悲叹——那「谁念」以反问写尽无人念及的幽寒，与「少年心事当拏云」的壮志相对照，写尽困顿中的自勉。四重手法，使此诗以酒宴写怀才不遇，以典故写凌云之志，正是李贺「瑰奇」诗风的本领。

Allusions

'The Zhufu' (zhu fu) is the Zhufu — the scholar of the Han, the going west of the middle; 'the Ma the Zhou' (ma zhou) is the Ma the Zhou — the official of the Tang, the guest of the Xinfeng of the middle — the rise of the Ma the Zhou, the two lines of the writing; 'the dragon the face' (long yan) is the dragon the face — the face of the dragon, the emperor of the middle.

此诗的用语深植于怀才不遇与励志的传统。「零落」令人想到「零落」写飘零的意象——「零落成泥碾作尘」，也令人想到「飘零」的困顿；「栖迟」令人想到「栖迟」写困顿滞留的意象——「衡门之下，可以栖迟」（《诗经·陈风·衡门》），也令人想到「栖栖遑遑」的奔波；「主人奉觞客长寿」令人想到「奉觞」写举杯敬酒的意象，也令人想到「上寿」的祝寿传统；「主父西游困不归」用主父偃之典——主父偃是汉代齐人，西游长安求仕，困顿不归，家人折断门前柳盼归，令人想到「折柳盼归」的意象；「马周昔作新丰客」用马周之典——马周是唐代名臣，早年落魄，客居新丰旅舍，遭店主冷遇，后以奏疏得唐太宗赏识，拜中书令，令人想到「新丰客」的落魄与发迹；「天荒地老」令人想到「天荒地老」写时间之久，也令人想到「地老天荒」的漫长；「直犯龙颜」令人想到「犯龙颜」写冒犯帝王之颜的意象——「触龙鳞」的直谏传统，也令人想到「龙颜」写帝王；「请恩泽」令人想到「恩泽」写皇帝恩惠的意象，也令人想到「雨露之恩」；「迷魂招不得」化用《楚辞·招魂》——「魂兮归来」，令人想到「招魂」的楚辞传统，也令人想到「迷魂」写迷失的心魂；「雄鸡一声天下白」令人想到「雄鸡」写报晓的意象——「雄鸡一唱天下白」，也令人想到「鸡鸣」的黎明意象，更令人想到「闻鸡起舞」的励志；「拏云」令人想到「拏云」写凌云的意象——「少年心事当拏云」，也令人想到「壮志凌云」的抱负；「呜呃」令人想到「呜呃」写悲叹的意象，也令人想到「呜咽」的悲声。全诗化用主父偃、马周、招魂、雄鸡、拏云的传统典故与意象，以酒宴写怀才不遇，以典故写凌云之志，正是李贺「瑰奇」而善用典、承励志传统写壮志的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Li He's poems of the encouragement, quoted for the fallenness of its opening and the hope of its close. The rooster of the world white, and the heart of the youth of the seizing the clouds, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's hope: the wine gathered in the examples, to the close's dawn.

此诗历来被推为李贺的名篇，也是中唐怀才不遇诗的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以酒宴写感慨，瑰奇悲壮」；近人更指出「雄鸡一声天下白」写壮志，是千古名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以十四句的长歌写尽怀才不遇的感慨与凌云之志——那零落栖迟的困顿，那主父西游的典故，那马周新丰客的落魄，那天荒地老的无人识，那直犯龙颜的奏疏，那迷魂难招的幽寒，那雄鸡一声天下白的壮志，那少年拏云的凌云志，都写尽了李贺困顿中的感慨与壮志；那「雄鸡一声天下白」更写尽迷魂招回、天下大白的壮志。此诗与李贺的《南园》（「男儿何不带吴钩」）同为怀才不遇名篇，一写从戎的壮志，一写发迹的壮志；又与屈原《离骚》「路漫漫其修远兮」的求索精神一脉相承，可见中国诗写怀才不遇与励志的传统。对于今日读者，此诗是理解李贺身世感慨与中唐士人心态的窗口，也是中国诗写怀才不遇的经典——那雄鸡一声天下白的壮志，穿越千年，仍在激励着困顿中的少年。

Prosody

Form A song of the encouragement (ge xing ti)诗·七言古诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the song that carries the hopeful spirit.七言古体，转韵（酒/寿、归/柳、客/识、书/泽、得/白、云/呃），随情转韵

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the hope: the level opening with the wine, the turning with the examples, and the close's fall with the choking.此诗为七言古诗，十四句，两句一韵转韵，音节奔放，正合感慨的奔放。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its spirit: the cadences of the song, and the close — 'shei nian you han zuo wu e' — falls with the choking, the sound of the hope of the encouragement poet.此诗为七言古诗，十四句，两句一韵转韵——「一杯酒」的「酒」与「客长寿」的「寿」，「困不归」的「归」与「门前柳」的「柳」，「作新丰客」的「客」与「无人识」的「识」，「两行书」的「书」与「请恩泽」的「泽」，「招不得」的「得」与「天下白」的「白」，「当拏云」的「云」与「坐呜呃」的「呃」，随情转韵，音节奔放。全诗以酒宴写感慨：前四句写酒宴与主父偃典故，中四句写马周典故与身世，后六句写凌云之志。诗中用典密集，主父偃、马周之典写怀才不遇，化用《招魂》写迷魂。诵读此诗，宜以感慨的语调读「零落栖迟一杯酒」的困顿，以雄奇的语调读「雄鸡一声天下白」的壮志，结句「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」要读得悲慨而有余韵，方能传达出李贺的怀才不遇与凌云之志。李贺古体以「瑰奇」著称，此诗正是其咏怀古体的典范。

Line by line

我有迷魂招不得，雄鸡一声天下白

I have a lost soul that cannot be recalled; one cock's crow, and the whole world turns white.

我的迷魂招不回来，雄鸡一声，天下大白。

I have a lost spirit I cannot summon; let the cock but crow once, and the world grows bright.

此联是全诗写壮志的核心，化用《招魂》写迷魂，以雄鸡写天下大白，是千古名句。「我有迷魂招不得」写我的迷魂招不回来——那「我有迷魂」化用《楚辞·招魂》「魂兮归来」，写自己迷失的心魂，「招不得」写招不回来，写尽幽寒中的迷惘；「雄鸡一声天下白」写雄鸡一声天下大白——那「雄鸡一声」写雄鸡报晓的一声啼鸣，「天下白」写天下大白，写尽迷魂招回、天下大白的壮志。这句的深意在于：它以「我有迷魂招不得」的迷惘与「雄鸡一声天下白」的雄奇，写尽幽寒中的凌云之志——我有迷魂招不回来，那「迷魂」化用《招魂》写自己迷失的心魂，写尽怀才不遇中的迷惘与幽寒；而雄鸡一声，天下大白，那「雄鸡一声天下白」以雄奇写尽迷魂招回、天光破晓的壮志——雄鸡一唱，黑夜尽去，天下大白，正是诗人相信自己终将挣脱幽寒、迎来光明；那「招不得」写尽当下的迷惘，那「天下白」写尽未来的光明，一迷一明，写尽困顿中的凌云之志，也暗写诗人坚信自己终将发迹的自信。若换作直说「我相信我会出头的」，则失其雄奇；唯以「我有迷魂招不得」化用《招魂》写迷惘、「雄鸡一声天下白」写光明，写尽幽寒中的壮志，也让此联成为全诗写壮志的核心与千古名句。

This couplet is the core of the poem's lofty will, adapting the 'Summons of the Soul' for the lost soul, using the cock for the world's dawn, a famous line. 'I have a lost soul that cannot be recalled' - adapting the Chuci's 'Summons of the Soul' with 'O soul, come back,' writing one's own lost heart, the 'cannot be recalled' the bewilderment in the cold dark; 'one cock's crow, and the whole world turns white' - the cock's crow at dawn, 'the world turns white' the broad daylight, writing the will that recalls the soul and breaks the dawn. The bewilderment of the lost soul and the grandeur of the cock's crow, the soaring will in the cold dark - the cock once crows, the night gone, the world bright, the poet's faith that he will yet break free of the cold and meet the light; the 'cannot be recalled' the present bewilderment, the 'world turns white' the future brightness, one dark one bright, the lofty ambition in hardship, and the poet's unshaken confidence in his own rise. If one said plainly 'I believe I'll make it,' the grandeur would be lost; only the lost soul that cannot be recalled and the one cock's crow that turns the world white hold the will.

少年心事当拏云，谁念幽寒坐呜呃

A young man's heart should clutch at the clouds; who ever pities the cold dark, sitting and sighing?

少年心事应当凌云，谁念幽寒者坐而悲叹？

A young man's heart should grasp at the clouds; who cares for those in the cold dark, sitting and sobbing?

此联是全诗的收束，以凌云写壮志，以反问写幽寒，是千古名句。「少年心事当拏云」写少年心事应当凌云——那「少年心事」写少年的抱负，「当拏云」写应当凌云，写尽少年应有的凌云之志；「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」写谁念幽寒者坐而悲叹——那「谁念」以反问写谁念，「幽寒坐呜呃」写幽寒者坐而悲叹，写尽无人念及的幽寒。这句的深意在于：它以「少年心事当拏云」的壮志与「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」的反问，写尽困顿中的自勉与感慨——少年心事应当凌云，那「当拏云」写尽少年应有的凌云之志——拏云即凌云，少年应有拏云的雄心，不应困于幽寒；谁念幽寒坐而呜呃？那「谁念」以反问写尽无人念及幽寒者的悲叹——幽寒者坐而呜呃，无人念及，正写尽怀才不遇的孤寂；那「少年心事当拏云」写尽壮志的自勉，那「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」写尽幽寒的感慨，一壮一叹，写尽困顿中既自勉又感慨的复杂心绪——虽处幽寒，然少年应有拏云之志，不应坐而悲叹，正是李贺对自己的勉励。若换作直说「我要振作起来」，则失其凝练；唯以「少年心事当拏云」写壮志、「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」的反问写幽寒，写尽困顿中的自勉与感慨，也让此联成为全诗的收束与千古名句。

This couplet closes the poem, 'clutch the clouds' the lofty will, the rhetorical question the cold dark, a famous line. 'A young man's heart should clutch at the clouds' - the young man's ambition, 'should clutch the clouds' the high soaring, 'clutch the clouds' i.e. scale the heavens, the young should hold this bold heart, not sink in the cold dark; 'who ever pities the cold dark, sitting and sighing?' - the rhetorical 'who pities,' the cold and lonely one sitting and weeping, the no one caring writing the isolation of the unrecognized. The will's self-exhortation and the cold dark's sigh, one bold one plaintive, the mixed mood of self-urging and lament in hardship - though in the cold dark, the young should clutch the clouds and not sit weeping, Li He's encouragement to himself. If one said plainly 'I must pull myself together,' the concision would be lost; only the young heart that should clutch the clouds and the question of who pities the cold dark hold the self-urging.

Study

Word focus

拏 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「少年心事当拏云」之「拏」字是写壮志的关键字，一个「拏」字写尽凌云之志。拏者，拿、持也，「拏云」即凌云、拿云。李贺以「拏云」写少年心事，这个「拏」字至少有双重意味：其一，写凌云之势——那「拏云」写拏云而上、凌云而上，那「拏」字写尽少年凌云直上的气势；其二，写志向之高——那「拏」字更是写志向——拏云，正是拿住云、直上青云，那「拏」字写尽少年志向的高远。以「拏」字写壮志，正是李贺收束全诗的枢纽——若换作「凌」「上」等字，则或失其雄奇，或失其与「云」的配合；唯「拏」字，以一字写尽拏云而上的凌云之势与志向之高，与「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」的幽寒相对照，写尽少年拏云的凌云之志，也让「少年心事当拏云」成为千古名句。

谁 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」之「谁」字是写幽寒的关键字，一个「谁」字写尽无人念及的孤寂。谁者，谁人、何人，反问之辞。李贺以「谁念」写幽寒，这个「谁」字至少有双重意味：其一，写无人之问——那「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」写谁念幽寒者坐而悲叹，那「谁」以反问写尽无人念及的孤寂；其二，写自勉之慨——那「谁」字更是写感慨——无人念及幽寒，唯有自勉，那「谁」字写尽幽寒中的自勉与感慨。以「谁」字写幽寒，正是李贺收束全诗的枢纽——若换作「无」「孰」等字，则或失其反问的力度，或失其与「少年心事当拏云」的对照；唯「谁」字，以一字写尽无人念及幽寒的反问与孤寂，与「少年心事当拏云」的壮志相合，写尽困顿中的自勉与感慨，也让「谁念幽寒坐呜呃」成为全诗的收束。

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