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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

杂诗三首·其二

The, Miscellaneous, Poems, II

王维

Wang Wei

思乡Homesickness

君自故乡来，应知故乡事。
来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未？

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Meaning

A poem of the hometown and the asking, written by Wang Wei. You from the hometown of your own self came, should know the affairs of the hometown — the asking of the opening. The day of the coming before the windows of the silk, the cold plum has it bloomed or not — the plum of the close. The poem is the hometown and the asking: the affairs, and the close's plum.

君自故乡来，应知故乡事。来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未？

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] You, from, the, hometown, of, your, own, self, came, should, know, the, affairs, of, the, hometown. The, day, of, the, coming, before, the, windows, of, the, silk, the, cold, plum, has, it, bloomed, or, not. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the asking of the hometown with the affairs, through the day of the coming, to the close's the plum of the bloomed or not. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the plum: the day of the coming before the windows of the silk, and the close's the cold plum has it bloomed or not — the hometown gathered in the asking and the close's plum. [Emotional Tone] Fine, tender, and longing: the poem is the affairs, the windows and the close's plum.

【白话串讲】王维写《杂诗三首·其二》：“君自故乡来，应知故乡事”——“来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未”——他见了故乡来人，千言万语只问一句：我家窗前的寒梅开花了吗——他写乡愁。【意象与手法】此诗写思乡问梅，以问梅写乡思，是王维的名篇。前二句写问人：「君自故乡来，应知故乡事」写君自故乡来、应知故乡事——写尽遇故人的惊喜；后二句写问梅：「来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」写来日绮窗前、寒梅著花未——写尽问梅的乡思。全诗以问梅写乡思，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，是王维的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写思乡问梅，以问梅写乡思，是王维的名篇。此诗写诗人遇故乡来人，不问人事而问寒梅，以细节写乡思。此诗写问人：君自故乡来，应知故乡事——写君自故乡来、应知故乡事，写尽遇故人的惊喜；来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未——写来日绮窗前、寒梅著花未，写尽问梅的乡思。全诗以问梅写乡思——那「应知故乡事」写尽遇故人的惊喜，「寒梅著花未」写尽问梅的乡思，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，是理解王维思乡诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「君自故乡来，应知故乡事」写遇故人的惊喜；「来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」写问梅的乡思；以及全诗以问梅写乡思、以小见大的手法。

Background

Wang Wei (701-761), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Miscellaneous, Poems, II' of the hometown and the asking — the asking of the traveler for the hometown. The asking of the affairs, and the close's the plum of the bloomed or not — the poem gathers the longing of the poet, the tenderness of the hometown. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the hometown.

此诗写思乡问梅，以问梅写乡思，是王维的名篇。王维（701—761），字摩诘，河东蒲州（今山西永济）人，唐代伟大的山水田园诗人，人称「诗佛」。杂诗三首是王维的一组思乡诗，此为其二。王维早年游宦长安，久别故乡，此诗写诗人遇故乡来人，不问人事而问寒梅，以细节写乡思。「君自故乡来，应知故乡事」写君自故乡来、应知故乡事——写尽遇故人的惊喜（你从故乡来，应知故乡的事）；「来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」写来日绮窗前、寒梅著花未——写尽问梅的乡思（你来时我家绮窗前，那株寒梅开花了没有）。全诗以问梅写乡思，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，是理解王维思乡诗的重要篇章。还应联系王维的行迹来读：王维早年应举入长安，久客京洛，其思乡之作每以细小物象寄托深情。此诗之「绮窗前寒梅」，正是诗人记忆中故乡庭院的具体一角——不问家人安否、不问田园丰歉，独问一株寒梅开否，看似避重就轻，实则以一花之荣枯寄托对故乡岁月变迁的牵挂，正是「寄深意于琐屑」的妙笔。又「绮窗」二字点出雕镂华美之窗，暗示诗人家境与当年倚窗赏梅的温馨记忆，使一问之中含无限深情。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the plum. The asking opens: you, from, the, hometown, of, your, own, self, came — the hometown of the came; should, know, the, affairs, of, the, hometown — the affairs of the should know. The plum follows: the, day, of, the, coming, before, the, windows, of, the, silk — the windows of the silk of the coming; the, cold, plum, has, it, bloomed, or, not — the cold plum of the bloomed or not — the hometown, the asking and the close's plum, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以问话写乡思。「君自故乡来，应知故乡事」以问话写乡思——那「应知故乡事」写尽对故人的托问，以问话写尽遇故人的惊喜。其二，以小见大写乡思。「寒梅著花未」以小见大写乡思——那「寒梅著花未」不问人事而问寒梅，以小见大写尽乡思的深挚。其三，以细节写情深。「来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」以细节写情深——那「绮窗前」「寒梅」写尽绮窗寒梅的细节，以细节写尽对故乡的牵挂。其四，以留白写余味。全诗四句，只问寒梅而不及其余，以留白写尽乡思的余味。此外，此诗最妙处在「寒梅著花未」一问——故乡千头万绪，而诗人独问窗前寒梅，正见思乡之深已化作对一草一木的牵挂；而那「绮窗前」的细节，更暗示当年倚窗赏梅的情景。四重手法，使此诗以问梅写乡思，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，是王维的代表作。此诗写法上最见匠心处有二：其一，以「故乡」一词在两句中重复出现，非为赘复，实为强调——「君自故乡来」是来处，「应知故乡事」是所问，一重复而乡情愈浓，读来如话家常；其二，全诗二十字纯用口语问答，不着一字抒情，而乡思自见，正是「不著一字，尽得风流」的含蓄之美，也是绝句「以少总多」的典范。

Allusions

'The windows of the silk' (qi chuang) are the windows of the silk — the windows of the silk, the coming of the close; 'the cold plum' (han mei) is the cold plum — the plum of the cold, the bloomed of the close.

此诗的用语深植于思乡与问讯的传统。「君自故乡来」令人想到「故乡」写故乡的意象——「君自故乡来」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「应知故乡事」写应知故乡事的意象；「来日绮窗前」令人想到「绮窗」写雕花窗的意象——「来日绮窗前」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「绮窗」写华美窗户的意象；「寒梅著花未」令人想到「寒梅」写梅花的意象——「寒梅著花未」正是王维的名句，也令人想到「著花未」写开花了没有的意象——以问梅写乡思。此诗的问讯传统可上溯至《诗经·王风》的怀人诗，而唐人诗中「故乡来人」之问，多以人事相询，王维独问寒梅，正是「以小见大」的匠心。全诗化用绮窗、寒梅的意象，以问梅写乡思，正是王维「平淡自然」而善写细节、承思乡传统写深情的本领。此诗亦暗含唐人「折梅寄远」的文化背景：古人有折梅赠远、以梅花报春信之俗，陆凯《赠范晔》「折梅逢驿使，寄与陇头人。江南无所有，聊赠一枝春」即其例。王维此诗虽非寄梅，却以「寒梅著花未」一问，将梅作为故乡春信与亲情的象征，正与折梅寄远传统一脉相通，可见梅花意象在中国人乡思情结中的特殊地位。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Wang Wei's poems of the hometown, quoted for the fineness of its opening and the depth of its close. The affairs of the should know, and the cold plum of the bloomed or not, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's longing: the hometown gathered in the asking, to the close's plum.

此诗历来被推为王维思乡诗的名篇，也是唐人写思乡的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以问梅写乡思，天然深挚」；近人更指出「来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」问梅而不问人事，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以四句的五言绝句写尽以细节写乡思的深情——那自故乡来的君，那应知故乡事的托问，那绮窗前，那寒梅著花未，都写尽了王维对故乡的牵挂；那「寒梅著花未」更以一问写尽乡思的深挚。此诗与杜甫《月夜忆舍弟》（「月是故乡明」）同为思乡名篇，一写「月是故乡明」的月（月夜忆舍弟），一写「寒梅著花未」的梅（杂诗其二）；又与王维《九月九日忆山东兄弟》（「每逢佳节倍思亲」）同为思乡名篇，一写「遍插茱萸少一人」的重阳（九月九日忆山东兄弟），一写「寒梅著花未」的问梅（杂诗其二）。对于今日读者，此诗是理解王维思乡诗的窗口，也是中国诗写乡思的经典——那绮窗前的寒梅，穿越千年，仍在诉说着乡思的深挚。

Prosody

Form A quatrain of the hometown (wu yan jue ju)诗·五言绝句

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the quatrain that carries the tender longing.五绝，押「事」「未」韵（去声四寘），一韵到底，音节轻快

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the plum: the level opening with the asking, the turning with the windows, and the close's fall with the not.此诗为五言绝句，押仄声韵，一韵到底，音节轻快，正合问讯的轻快。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its tenderness: the cadences of the quatrain, and the close — 'han mei zhuo hua wei' — falls with the not, the sound of the longing of the hometown poet.此诗为五言绝句，四句——「君自故乡来，应知故乡事。来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未」，押「寘」韵（事、未），一韵到底，音节轻快。全诗以问梅写乡思：前二句写遇故人的托问（君自故乡来，应知故乡事），后二句写问梅的乡思（来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未）。四句短章，前写问人，后写问梅，以「寒梅著花未」写尽以细节写乡思的深情，正见王维「平淡自然」的本色。此诗全用口语问答，如话家常，而乡思自在其中。诵读此诗，宜以轻快的语调读「君自故乡来」的问话，以殷切的语调读「寒梅著花未」的问梅，结句「寒梅著花未」要读得情切而有余韵，方能传达出王维的平淡深挚。王维绝句以「诗中有画」著称，此诗正是其思乡绝句的典范。

Line by line

来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未

When you come, before my carved window - has the winter plum blossomed yet?

你来时我家绮窗前，那株寒梅开花了没有？

When you reach home, by my carved lattice window, has the winter plum begun to bloom?

此二句是全诗写乡思的核心，以绮窗前写细节，以寒梅著花未写问梅，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，是千古名句。「来日绮窗前」写你来时我家绮窗前——那「来日」写你来之时，「绮窗前」写绮窗之前，写尽对绮窗寒梅的牵挂；「寒梅著花未」写那株寒梅开花了没有——那「寒梅」写寒梅，「著花未」写开花了没有，写尽问梅的乡思。这句的深意在于：它以「来日绮窗前」的细节与「寒梅著花未」的问梅，写尽以细节写乡思的深情——你来时我家绮窗前，那「来日绮窗前」写尽对绮窗寒梅的牵挂——故乡千头万绪，诗人独记绮窗前的寒梅，那「绮窗前」写尽当年倚窗赏梅的细节；那株寒梅开花了没有，那「寒梅著花未」写尽问梅的乡思——不问人事而问寒梅，正是思乡之深已化作对一草一木的牵挂，那「著花未」写尽问梅的急切；那「来日绮窗前」写尽对绮窗寒梅的牵挂，那「寒梅著花未」写尽问梅的乡思，一写绮窗，一写问梅，写尽以细节写乡思的深情——独问寒梅，正见乡思的深挚；此二句以绮窗、寒梅写尽以细节写乡思的深情，也让此二句成为全诗写乡思的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「家里一切都好吗」，则失其深挚；唯以「来日绮窗前」写细节、「寒梅著花未」写问梅，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，也让此二句成为全诗写乡思的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's homesickness through a detail - a famous line. 'When you come, before my carved window' the detail; 'has the winter plum blossomed yet?' the plum's question. Of all the thousand threads of home, the poet remembers only the winter plum by the carved window; asking not of people, but of the plum - homesickness deepened into care for a single plant.

君自故乡来，应知故乡事

You have come from the home country; you must know the affairs of home.

你从故乡来，应知故乡的事。

You have come from my home region; you must know all its news.

此二句是全诗写问人的核心，以君自故乡来写遇故人，以应知故乡事写托问，写尽遇故人的惊喜，是千古名句。「君自故乡来」写你从故乡来——那「君自故乡来」写你从故乡来，「自故乡来」写从故乡来，写尽遇故人的惊喜；「应知故乡事」写应知故乡的事——那「应知」写应知，「故乡事」写故乡的事，写尽对故人的托问。这句的深意在于：它以「君自故乡来」的遇故人与「应知故乡事」的托问，写尽遇故人的惊喜——你从故乡来，那「君自故乡来」写尽遇故人的惊喜——久别故乡，忽遇故乡来人，正是意外的惊喜，那「自故乡来」写尽遇故人的亲切；应知故乡的事，那「应知故乡事」写尽对故人的托问——你从故乡来，应知故乡的事，正是托问的殷切，那「应知故乡事」写尽对故乡消息的渴望；那「君自故乡来」写尽遇故人的惊喜，那「应知故乡事」写尽对故人的托问，一写遇故人，一写托问，写尽遇故人的惊喜——故乡来人，正是问讯乡音的契机；此二句以遇故人、托问写尽遇故人的惊喜，也为后二句的问梅作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写问人的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「终于碰到老乡了」，则失其雅致；唯以「君自故乡来」写遇故人、「应知故乡事」写托问，写尽遇故人的惊喜，也让此二句成为全诗写问人的核心。

These two lines are the core of the poem's meeting a traveler - a famous line. 'You have come from the home country' the surprise of the encounter; 'you must know the affairs of home' the eager question. Long parted from home, suddenly a traveler from home, the unexpected joy; you come from home, you must know its news - the craving for home tidings, priming the plum question below.

Study

Word focus

故乡 'The, hometown' — the home of the native, the came of the opening. 「君自故乡来」之「故乡」是写乡思的关键词，一个「故乡」写尽对故乡的牵挂。故乡者，生我养我之地也。王维以「君自故乡来」写遇故人，这个「故乡」至少有双重意味：其一，写乡思之切——那「君自故乡来，应知故乡事」写你从故乡来应知故乡事，那「故乡」写尽对故乡的牵挂——故乡二字，写尽乡思的急切，那「故乡」写尽乡思之切；其二，写故乡之亲——那「故乡」更是写故乡——故乡之事，正是最关情的，那「故乡」写尽故乡的亲切。以「故乡」写乡思，正是王维写乡思的枢纽——若换作「家乡」「故里」等词，则或失其写故乡的意味，或失其与「应知故乡事」的重复呼应；唯「故乡」二字，以君自故乡来写尽对故乡的牵挂与故乡的亲切，与「寒梅著花未」的寒梅相合，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，也让「君自故乡来」成为全诗写乡思的名句。

著花 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「寒梅著花未」之「著花」是写问梅的字眼，一个「著花」写尽对寒梅开花的牵挂。著花者，开花也。王维以「寒梅著花未」写问梅，这个「著花」至少有双重意味：其一，写开花之问——那「寒梅著花未」写寒梅开花了没有，那「著花」写尽对寒梅开花的牵挂——寒梅著花，正是春信的象征，那「著花未」写尽问花的情切；其二，写乡思之深——那「著花」更是写乡思——以寒梅著花问讯，正见乡思之深已化作对一草一木的牵挂，那「著花」写尽乡思的深挚。以「著花」写问梅，正是王维写乡思的枢纽——若换作「开花」「放花」等词，则或失其写著花的古雅，或失其与「寒梅」的配合；唯「著花」二字，以寒梅著花未写尽对寒梅开花的牵挂与乡思的深挚，与「绮窗前」的细节相合，写尽以细节写乡思的深情，也让「寒梅著花未」成为全诗写乡思的千古名句。