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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

忆昔二首·其二

The, Recalling, the, Past, II

杜甫

Du Fu

咏史History 乱离Theme

忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室。
稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实。
九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出。
齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失。
宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆。
百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律。
岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血。
洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴。
伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说。
小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩。
周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾。

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Meaning

A poem of the recalling and the grief, written by Du Fu. Recalling the past in the days of the full prosperity of the Kaiyuan, the small towns still holding the ten thousand households — the prosperity of the opening. The rice and the millet flowing the fat the millet white, the public and the private granaries all full and abundant — the plenty of the middle. The nine provinces the roads without the tigers and the wolves, the distant journeys not needing the auspicious days to set out — the peace of the middle. And the close's the King of the Zhou the restoration hoping for our emperor, shedding the tears by the River Han the body sick and aged — the close's tears. The poem is the recalling and the grief: the prosperity, the fall, and the close's tears.

忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室。稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实。九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出。齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失。宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆。百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律。岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血。洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴。伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说。小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩。周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Recalling, the, past, in, the, days, of, the, full, prosperity, of, the, Kaiyuan, the, small, towns, still, holding, the, ten, thousand, households. The, rice, and, the, millet, flowing, the, fat, the, millet, white, the, public, and, the, private, granaries, all, full, and, abundant. The, nine, provinces, the, roads, without, the, tigers, and, the, wolves, the, distant, journeys, not, needing, the, auspicious, days, to, set, out. The, Qi, silk, the, Lu, plain, the, carts, in, the, endless, lines, the, men, plowing, the, women, raising, the, silkworms, not, losing, the, time. In, the, palace, the, sage, performing, the, Music, of, the, Cloud, Gate, the, friends, of, the, world, all, the, glue, and, the, lacquer. In, the, hundred, and, more, years, no, disasters, and, no, changes, the, rites, of, the, Shusun, the, music, the, laws, of, the, Xiao, He. How, could, one, hear, of, the, one, bolt, of, the, silk, worth, the, ten, thousand, coins, with, the, fields, of, the, planted, grain, now, flowing, with, the, blood. The, palaces, of, the, Luoyang, burned, and, destroyed, all, the, ancestral, temples, newly, cleaned, of, the, foxes, and, the, hares, the, holes. The, grieved, heart, not, able, to, bear, asking, the, elders, again, fearing, at, the, beginning, to, hear, of, the, rebellion, and, the, flight. The, small, minister, dull, and, slow, not, able, of, anything, the, court, remembering, and, acknowledging, receiving, the, salary, and, the, rank. The, King, of, the, Zhou, the, restoration, hoping, for, our, emperor, shedding, the, tears, by, the, River, Han, the, body, sick, and, aged. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the prosperity of the Kaiyuan with the granaries full, through the fall of the flowing blood with the palaces burned, to the close's the tears of the sick and the aged. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the tears: the grieved heart not able to bear asking the elders, and the close's the King of the Zhou the restoration hoping for our emperor shedding the tears by the River Han the body sick and aged — the recalling gathered in the grief and the close's tears. [Emotional Tone] Recalling, grieving, and hopeful: the poem is the prosperity, the fall and the close's tears.

【白话串讲】杜甫写《忆昔二首·其二》：“忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室”——“稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实”——“九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出”——“百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律”——他回忆开元盛世——对比眼前的乱世。【意象与手法】此诗写感怀，以战乱写感怀，是杜甫的名篇。前段写开元盛世：「忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室。稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实。九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出。齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失。宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆。百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律」写忆昔开元全盛日、小邑犹藏万家室——写尽开元全盛日的万家室；后段写乱后：「岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血。洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴。伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说。小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩。周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾」写岂闻一绢直万钱、有田种谷今流血——写尽有田种谷的今流血。全诗以战乱写感怀，写尽开元全盛日的万家室与有田种谷的今流血，是杜甫的代表作。【情感与主旨】此诗写感怀，以战乱写感怀，是杜甫的名篇。此诗为杜甫居夔州时作，写其忆开元盛世而伤今之乱离。杜甫晚年流寓夔州，此诗写其忆昔伤今。此诗写忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室；稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实；九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出；齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失；宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆；百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律；岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血；洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴；伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说；小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩；周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾。此诗写开元盛世：忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室——写忆昔开元全盛日、小邑犹藏万家室，写尽开元全盛日的万家室；稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实——写稻米流脂粟米白、公私仓廪俱丰实，写尽公私仓廪的丰实；九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出——写九州道路无豺虎、远行不劳吉日出，写尽远行不劳的吉日出；齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失——写齐纨鲁缟车班班、男耕女桑不相失，写尽男耕女桑的不相失；宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆——写宫中圣人奏云门、天下朋友皆胶漆，写尽天下朋友皆胶漆；百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律——写百余年间未灾变、叔孙礼乐萧何律，写尽叔孙礼乐的萧何律。后段写乱后：岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血——写岂闻一绢直万钱、有田种谷今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血；洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴——写洛阳宫殿烧焚尽、宗庙新除狐兔穴，写尽宗庙新除的狐兔穴；伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说——写伤心不忍问耆旧、复恐初从乱离说，写尽复恐初从的乱离说；小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩——写小臣鲁钝无所能、朝廷记识蒙禄秩，写尽朝廷记识的禄秩；周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾——写周宣中兴望我皇、洒泪江汉身衰疾，写尽洒泪江汉的身衰疾。全诗以战乱写感怀——那「忆昔开元全盛日」写尽开元全盛日的万家室，「有田种谷今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血，写尽开元全盛日的万家室与有田种谷的今流血，是理解杜甫感怀诗的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室」写开元全盛日的万家室；「岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血」写有田种谷的今流血；以及全诗以战乱写感怀、以今昔对比写感怀的手法。

Background

Du Fu (712-770), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Recalling, the, Past, II' of the recalling and the grief — the recalling of the prosperous Kaiyuan in the fall of the Anshi Rebellion. The prosperity of the ten thousand households, the fall of the flowing blood, and the close's the tears of the sick and the aged — the poem gathers the grief of the poet, the hope of the restoration. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the recalling.

此诗写感怀，以战乱写感怀，是杜甫的名篇。杜甫（712—770），字子美，自号少陵野老，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，与李白合称「李杜」。杜甫被后人称为「诗圣」，其诗被称为「诗史」。此诗为杜甫居夔州时作，写其忆开元盛世而伤今之乱离。杜甫晚年流寓夔州，此诗写其忆昔伤今。此诗写忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室；稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实；九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出；齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失；宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆；百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律；岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血；洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴；伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说；小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩；周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾。此诗写开元盛世：「忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室」写忆昔开元全盛日、小邑犹藏万家室——写尽开元全盛日的万家室（忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室）；「稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实」写稻米流脂粟米白、公私仓廪俱丰实——写尽公私仓廪的丰实（稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实）；「九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出」写九州道路无豺虎、远行不劳吉日出——写尽远行不劳的吉日出（九州道路无豺虎，远行不劳吉日出）；「齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失」写齐纨鲁缟车班班、男耕女桑不相失——写尽男耕女桑的不相失（齐纨鲁缟车班班，男耕女桑不相失）；「宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆」写宫中圣人奏云门、天下朋友皆胶漆——写尽天下朋友皆胶漆（宫中圣人奏云门，天下朋友皆胶漆）；「百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律」写百余年间未灾变、叔孙礼乐萧何律——写尽叔孙礼乐的萧何律（百余年间未灾变，叔孙礼乐萧何律）。后段写乱后：「岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血」写岂闻一绢直万钱、有田种谷今流血——写尽有田种谷的今流血（岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血）；「洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴」写洛阳宫殿烧焚尽、宗庙新除狐兔穴——写尽宗庙新除的狐兔穴（洛阳宫殿烧焚尽，宗庙新除狐兔穴）；「伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说」写伤心不忍问耆旧、复恐初从乱离说——写尽复恐初从的乱离说（伤心不忍问耆旧，复恐初从乱离说）；「小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩」写小臣鲁钝无所能、朝廷记识蒙禄秩——写尽朝廷记识的禄秩（小臣鲁钝无所能，朝廷记识蒙禄秩）；「周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾」写周宣中兴望我皇、洒泪江汉身衰疾——写尽洒泪江汉的身衰疾（周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾）。全诗以战乱写感怀，写尽开元全盛日的万家室与有田种谷的今流血，是理解杜甫感怀诗的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the tears. The prosperity opens: recalling, the, past, in, the, days, of, the, full, prosperity, of, the, Kaiyuan — the days of the Kaiyuan; the, small, towns, still, holding, the, ten, thousand, households — the ten thousand households of the small towns; the, rice, and, the, millet, flowing, the, fat, the, millet, white — the rice and the millet of the fat; the, public, and, the, private, granaries, all, full, and, abundant — the granaries of the full; the, nine, provinces, the, roads, without, the, tigers, and, the, wolves — the nine provinces of the roads; the, distant, journeys, not, needing, the, auspicious, days, to, set, out — the auspicious days of the journeys; the, Qi, silk, the, Lu, plain, the, carts, in, the, endless, lines — the carts of the endless lines; the, men, plowing, the, women, raising, the, silkworms, not, losing, the, time — the men plowing of the time; in, the, palace, the, sage, performing, the, Music, of, the, Cloud, Gate — the Music of the Cloud Gate of the sage; the, friends, of, the, world, all, the, glue, and, the, lacquer — the glue and the lacquer of the friends; in, the, hundred, and, more, years, no, disasters, and, no, changes — the hundred years of the changes; the, rites, of, the, Shusun, the, music, the, laws, of, the, Xiao, He — the rites of the Shusun. The fall follows: how, could, one, hear, of, the, one, bolt, of, the, silk, worth, the, ten, thousand, coins — the ten thousand coins of the bolt; with, the, fields, of, the, planted, grain, now, flowing, with, the, blood — the flowing with the blood of the fields; the, palaces, of, the, Luoyang, burned, and, destroyed, all — the palaces of the Luoyang; the, ancestral, temples, newly, cleaned, of, the, foxes, and, the, hares, the, holes — the foxes and the hares of the holes; the, grieved, heart, not, able, to, bear, asking, the, elders — the grieved heart of the asking; again, fearing, at, the, beginning, to, hear, of, the, rebellion, and, the, flight — the rebellion and the flight of the hearing; the, small, minister, dull, and, slow, not, able, of, anything — the small minister of the dull; the, court, remembering, and, acknowledging, receiving, the, salary, and, the, rank — the salary and the rank of the acknowledging. And the close gathers the tears: the, King, of, the, Zhou, the, restoration, hoping, for, our, emperor — the restoration of the King of the Zhou; shedding, the, tears, by, the, River, Han, the, body, sick, and, aged — the tears of the sick and the aged — the prosperity, the fall and the close's tears, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以铺陈写开元盛世。「忆昔开元全盛日」以铺陈写开元盛世——那「小邑犹藏万家室」写尽开元全盛日的万家室，以铺陈写尽开元全盛日的万家室。其二，以今昔对比写乱后。「岂闻一绢直万钱」以今昔对比写乱后——那「有田种谷今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血，以今昔对比写尽有田种谷的今流血。其三，以白描写兵灾。「洛阳宫殿烧焚尽」以白描写兵灾——那「宗庙新除狐兔穴」写尽宗庙新除的狐兔穴，以白描写尽宗庙新除的狐兔穴。其四，以直抒写衰病。「洒泪江汉身衰疾」以直抒写衰病——那「周宣中兴望我皇」写尽周宣中兴的望我皇，以直抒写尽洒泪江汉的身衰疾。此外，此诗前段写开元全盛日的万家室，后段写有田种谷的今流血，由昔及今，正是感怀诗「以昔衬今」的写法。四重手法，使此诗以战乱写感怀，写尽开元全盛日的万家室与有田种谷的今流血，是杜甫的代表作。

Allusions

'The Kaiyuan' (kai yuan) is the Kaiyuan — the reign of the Kaiyuan, the prosperity of the opening; 'the Music of the Cloud Gate' (yun men) is the Music of the Cloud Gate — the music of the sage, the peace of the middle; 'the rites of the Shusun' (shu sun li) are the rites of the Shusun — the rites of the Shusun Tong, the laws of the middle; 'the laws of the Xiao He' (xiao he lü) are the laws of the Xiao He — the laws of the Xiao He, the rites of the middle; 'the King of the Zhou' (zhou xuan) is the King of the Zhou — the King Xuan of the Zhou, the restoration of the close.

此诗的用语深植于感怀与战乱传统。「开元全盛日」令人想到「开元全盛日」写开元的意象——开元盛世，也令人想到「开元盛世」的意象；「万家室」令人想到「万家室」写万家富庶的意象——也令人想到「比屋可封」的意象；「流脂」令人想到「流脂」写稻米肥润的意象——也令人想到「稻米流脂」的意象；「仓廪」令人想到「仓廪」写粮仓的意象——也令人想到「仓廪实而知礼节」的意象；「豺虎」令人想到「豺虎」写豺虎的意象——也令人想到「豺狼当道」的意象；「齐纨鲁缟」令人想到「齐纨鲁缟」写丝织的意象——齐纨鲁缟，名产，也令人想到「纨绔」的意象；「云门」令人想到「云门」写《云门》乐舞的意象——黄帝乐舞，也令人想到「云门大卷」的意象；「胶漆」令人想到「胶漆」写胶漆的意象——也令人想到「如胶似漆」的意象；「叔孙礼乐」令人想到「叔孙礼乐」写叔孙通的意象——汉制礼，也令人想到「叔孙通制礼」的意象；「萧何律」令人想到「萧何律」写萧何的意象——汉定律，也令人想到「萧规曹随」的意象；「周宣中兴」令人想到「周宣中兴」写周宣王的意象——周宣王中兴，也令人想到「宣王中兴」的意象。全诗化用开元全盛日、万家室、流脂、仓廪、豺虎、齐纨鲁缟、云门、胶漆、叔孙礼乐、萧何律、周宣中兴的意象典故，以战乱写感怀，正是杜甫「沉郁」而善铺陈、承诗史传统写感怀之本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Du Fu's poems of the recalling, quoted for the prosperity of its opening and the grief of its close. The granaries of the full, and the tears of the River Han, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's grief: the recalling gathered in the fall, to the close's tears.

此诗历来被推为杜甫感怀诗的名篇，也是唐诗写开元盛世的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以战乱写感怀，沉郁顿挫」；近人更指出「忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室」写开元全盛日的万家室，是此诗的名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以长篇写尽开元全盛日的万家室与有田种谷的今流血——那忆昔，那开元，那全盛日，那小邑，那犹藏，那万家室，那稻米，那流脂，那粟米白，那公私，那仓廪，那俱丰实，那九州，那道路无豺虎，那远行，那不劳吉日出，那齐纨，那鲁缟，那车班班，那男耕，那女桑，那不相失，那宫中，那圣人，那奏云门，那天下，那朋友，那皆胶漆，那百余年间，那未灾变，那叔孙礼乐，那萧何律，那岂闻，那一绢直万钱，那有田，那种谷，那今流血，那洛阳宫殿，那烧焚尽，那宗庙，那新除，那狐兔穴，那伤心，那不忍问耆旧，那复恐，那初从乱离说，那小臣，那鲁钝，那无所能，那朝廷，那记识，那蒙禄秩，那周宣，那中兴望我皇，那洒泪，那江汉，那身衰疾，都写尽了杜甫笔下的忆昔二首其二；那「有田种谷今流血」更以今昔对比写尽有田种谷的今流血。此诗与杜甫《春望》「国破山河在」同为感怀名篇，一写「感时花溅泪」的春望，一写「有田种谷今流血」的忆昔；一写乱中，一写忆昔。两诗对读，可见杜甫感怀诗的两面。对于今日读者，此诗是理解杜甫感怀诗的窗口，也是唐诗写开元盛世的经典——那有田种谷的今流血，穿越千年，仍在诉说着开元全盛日的万家室。

Prosody

Form An old poem of the recalling (qi yan gu shi)七言古诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the old poem that carries the grieving hope.全诗以「室」「实」「日」「失」「漆」「律」「血」「穴」「说」「秩」「疾」等字押韵，仄韵为主

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the tears: the level opening with the prosperity, the turning with the fall, and the close's fall with the tears.此诗为七言古诗，仄韵为主，音节顿挫，正合感怀的顿挫。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its grief: the cadences of the old poem, and the close — 'sa lei jiang han shen shuai ji' — falls with the aged, the sound of the grief of the recalling poet.此诗为七言古诗——「忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室。稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廪俱丰实。……周宣中兴望我皇，洒泪江汉身衰疾」，仄韵为主，音节顿挫。全诗以战乱写感怀：前段写开元全盛日的万家室（忆昔开元全盛日、叔孙礼乐萧何律），后段写有田种谷的今流血（岂闻一绢直万钱、洒泪江汉身衰疾）。长篇铺叙，前写盛世，后写乱离，以「有田种谷今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血，正见杜甫「沉郁」的本色。诵读此诗，宜以顿挫的语调读「忆昔开元全盛日」的盛世，以沉痛的语调读「有田种谷今流血」的乱后，结句要读得顿挫而有余韵，方能传达出杜甫的沉郁顿挫。杜甫古诗以「沉郁」著称，此诗正是其感怀诗的典范。

Line by line

忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室

I recall the golden days of Kaiyuan's prime; even a small town held ten thousand households.

忆昔开元全盛日，小邑犹藏万家室。

I remember the full glory of the Kaiyuan era: even a small town could hold ten thousand homes.

此二句是全诗写开元盛世的核心，以忆昔开元全盛日写全盛日，以小邑犹藏万家室写万家室，写尽开元全盛日的万家室，是千古名句。「忆昔开元全盛日」写忆昔开元全盛日——那「忆昔开元」写忆昔开元，「全盛日」写全盛日，写尽忆昔开元的全盛日；「小邑犹藏万家室」写小邑犹藏万家室——那「小邑犹藏」写小邑犹藏，「万家室」写万家室，写尽小邑犹藏的万家室。这句的深意在于：它以「忆昔开元全盛日」的全盛日与「小邑犹藏万家室」的万家室，写尽开元全盛日的万家室——忆昔开元全盛日，那「忆昔开元全盛日」写尽忆昔开元的全盛日——忆昔开元全盛日，正是追忆开元全盛的写照，那「全盛日」写尽开元全盛日的万家室；小邑犹藏万家室，那「小邑犹藏万家室」写尽小邑犹藏的万家室——小邑犹藏万家室，正是小邑富庶的写照，那「万家室」写尽开元全盛日的万家室；那「忆昔开元全盛日」写尽忆昔开元的全盛日，那「小邑犹藏万家室」写尽小邑犹藏的万家室，一写全盛日，一写万家室，写尽开元全盛日的万家室——开元全盛而小邑富庶，正是盛世的写照；此二句以全盛日、万家室写尽开元全盛日的万家室，也为下文的流脂作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写开元盛世的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「回忆开元全盛的时候，小县城还藏着万家住户」，则失其深情；唯以「忆昔开元全盛日」写全盛日、「小邑犹藏万家室」写万家室，写尽开元全盛日的万家室，也让此二句成为全诗写开元盛世的核心。

These lines are the prosperity heart of the poem, recalling Kaiyuan's prime and the small town with ten thousand homes. 'I recall the golden days of Kaiyuan' opens the elegy of the high Tang; 'even a small town held ten thousand households' gives the evidence—small towns teeming. The 'even' stresses the general plenty. The recollection of the prosperous age sets off the ruin that follows. If stated as 'Kaiyuan was a golden time,' the depth would vanish; only through the small town's ten thousand households does the prosperity become measurable.

岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血

Who ever heard of one bolt of silk costing ten thousand cash? Fields that grew grain now run with blood.

岂闻一绢直万钱，有田种谷今流血。

Who ever heard a single bolt of silk priced at ten thousand coins? Fields once sown with grain now run with blood.

此二句是全诗写乱后的核心，以岂闻一绢直万钱写直万钱，以有田种谷今流血写今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血，是千古名句。「岂闻一绢直万钱」写岂闻一绢直万钱——那「岂闻一绢」写岂闻一绢，「直万钱」写直万钱，写尽岂闻一绢的直万钱；「有田种谷今流血」写有田种谷今流血——那「有田种谷」写有田种谷，「今流血」写今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血。这句的深意在于：它以「岂闻一绢直万钱」的直万钱与「有田种谷今流血」的今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血——岂闻一绢直万钱，那「岂闻一绢直万钱」写尽岂闻一绢的直万钱——岂闻一绢直万钱，正是一绢万钱的写照，那「直万钱」写尽有田种谷的今流血；有田种谷今流血，那「有田种谷今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血——有田种谷今流血，正是种谷流血的写照，那「今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血；那「岂闻一绢直万钱」写尽岂闻一绢的直万钱，那「有田种谷今流血」写尽有田种谷的今流血，一写直万钱，一写今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血——物价飞涨而种谷流血，正是乱后的写照；此二句以直万钱、今流血写尽有田种谷的今流血，也为下文的宫殿作铺垫，也让此二句成为全诗写乱后的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「哪听说一绢值万钱，有田种谷如今却流血」，则失其沉痛；唯以「岂闻一绢直万钱」写直万钱、「有田种谷今流血」写今流血，写尽有田种谷的今流血，也让此二句成为全诗写乱后的核心。

These lines are the ruin heart of the poem, a bolt of silk at ten thousand cash and the grain-fields running blood. 'Who ever heard of one bolt of silk costing ten thousand cash' writes the inflation after the rebellion, a price unheard of in Kaiyuan; 'fields that grew grain now run with blood' turns the farmland into a battlefield. The two couplets—silk at ten thousand, grain-fields in blood—set the old plenty against the present slaughter. If stated as 'prices are wild and the land is war-torn,' the poignancy would fade; only through the bolt of silk and the bloodied grain-fields does the collapse become concrete.

Study

Word focus

全 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「忆昔开元全盛日」之「全」字是写开元盛世关键词，一个「全」字写尽忆昔开元的全盛日。全者，完全、全盛也。杜甫以「忆昔开元全盛日」写开元盛世，这个「全」字至少有双重意味：其一，写盛之全——那「忆昔开元全盛日」写忆昔开元全盛日，那「全」字写尽忆昔开元的全盛日——全盛，正是全部繁盛的写照，那「全」字写尽忆昔开元的全盛日；其二，写忆之深——那「全」字更是写深——全，正见全盛难忘的深情，那「全」字写尽杜甫的感怀。以「全」字写开元盛世，正是杜甫写感怀的枢纽——若换作「极」「大」等字，则或失其与「忆昔开元」「全盛日」的配合，或失其写全的意味；唯「全」字，以忆昔开元全盛日写尽全盛之尽善与开元之鼎盛，与「小邑犹藏万家室」的万家室相合，写尽忆昔开元的全盛日，也让「忆昔开元全盛日」成为全诗写开元盛世的名句。

血 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「有田种谷今流血」之「血」字是写乱后关键词，一个「血」字写尽有田种谷的今流血。血者，鲜血、流血也。杜甫以「有田种谷今流血」写乱后，这个「血」字至少有双重意味：其一，写田之血——那「有田种谷今流血」写有田种谷今流血，那「血」字写尽有田种谷的今流血——流血，正是种谷流血的写照，那「血」字写尽有田种谷的今流血；其二，写乱之惨——那「血」字更是写惨——血，正见兵灾血染的惨烈，那「血」字写尽杜甫的感怀。以「血」字写乱后，正是杜甫写战乱的枢纽——若换作「泪」「劫」等字，则或失其与「有田种谷」「今流血」的配合，或失其写血的意味；唯「血」字，以有田种谷今流血写尽种谷之流血与兵灾之惨烈，与「岂闻一绢直万钱」的直万钱相合，写尽有田种谷的今流血，也让「有田种谷今流血」成为全诗写乱后的名句。