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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

行路难·其三

The, Hard, Road, No. 3

李白

Li Bai

咏怀memory 达观Theme

有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨。
含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月。
吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身。
子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨。
陆机雄才岂自保？
李斯税驾苦不早。
华亭鹤唳讵可闻？
上蔡苍鹰何足道。
君不见吴中张翰称达生，秋风忽忆江东行。
且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名？

Having, the, ears, do, not, wash, them, in, the, water, of, the, Yingshui,
Having, the, mouths, do, not, eat, the, ferns, of, the, Shouyang.
Holding, the, light, mixing, with, the, world, valuing, the, nameless,
Why, use, the, lonely, height, to, compare, with, the, clouds, and, the, moon.
I, see, the, worthy, and, the, great, men, of, the, ancient, times,
Those, whose, merit, accomplished, not, retreating, all, perished.
The, Zixu, being, abandoned, in, the, waters, of, the, Wu, river,
The, Qu, Yuan, in, the, end, thrown, into, the, shores, of, the, Xiang, water.
The, Lu, Ji, the, great, talent, how, could, he, protect, himself,
The, Li, Si, reining, in, the, carriage, how, he, regretted, not, the, early.
The, cry, of, the, Huating, cranes, how, could, it, be, heard,
The, gray, hawk, of, the, Shangcai, what, is, it, worth, to, mention.
Do, you, not, see, the, Zhang, Han, of, the, Wu, who, was, called, the, understanding, of, the, life,
The, autumn, wind, suddenly, remembering, the, journey, of, the, east, of, the, Jiang.
Moreover, enjoy, the, cup, of, wine, of, the, present, life,
Why, need, the, fame, of, the, thousand, years, after, the, death.

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Meaning

A poem of the road and the philosophy, written by Li Bai. Having the ears do not wash them in the water of the Yingshui, having the mouths do not eat the ferns of the Shouyang — the admonition of the opening. Holding the light mixing with the world valuing the nameless, why use the lonely height to compare with the clouds and the moon — the philosophy of the middle. I see the worthy and the great men of the ancient times, those whose merit accomplished not retreating all perished — the warning of the middle. And the close's moreover enjoy the cup of wine of the present life, why need the fame of the thousand years after the death — the close's enjoyment. The poem is the road and the philosophy: the nameless, the warning, and the close's cup.

有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨。含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月。吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身。子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨。陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早。华亭鹤唳讵可闻？上蔡苍鹰何足道。君不见吴中张翰称达生，秋风忽忆江东行。且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名？

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] Having, the, ears, do, not, wash, them, in, the, water, of, the, Yingshui, having, the, mouths, do, not, eat, the, ferns, of, the, Shouyang. Holding, the, light, mixing, with, the, world, valuing, the, nameless, why, use, the, lonely, height, to, compare, with, the, clouds, and, the, moon. I, see, the, worthy, and, the, great, men, of, the, ancient, times, those, whose, merit, accomplished, not, retreating, all, perished. The, Zixu, being, abandoned, in, the, waters, of, the, Wu, river, the, Qu, Yuan, in, the, end, thrown, into, the, shores, of, the, Xiang, water. The, Lu, Ji, the, great, talent, how, could, he, protect, himself, the, Li, Si, reining, in, the, carriage, how, he, regretted, not, the, early. The, cry, of, the, Huating, cranes, how, could, it, be, heard, the, gray, hawk, of, the, Shangcai, what, is, it, worth, to, mention. Do, you, not, see, the, Zhang, Han, of, the, Wu, who, was, called, the, understanding, of, the, life, the, autumn, wind, suddenly, remembering, the, journey, of, the, east, of, the, Jiang. Moreover, enjoy, the, cup, of, wine, of, the, present, life, why, need, the, fame, of, the, thousand, years, after, the, death. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the admonition of the Yingshui and the Shouyang, through the warning of the great men with the Zixu and the Qu Yuan, to the close's the enjoyment of the cup of wine. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the enjoyment: moreover enjoy the cup of wine of the present life, and the close's why need the fame of the thousand years after the death — the philosophy gathered in the warning and the close's cup. [Emotional Tone] Philosophizing, warning, and free: the poem is the nameless, the warning and the close's cup.

【白话串讲】李白写《行路难·其三》：“有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨”——“含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月”——“吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身”——“子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨”——“陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早”——他叹功成身退之难。【意象与手法】此诗写功成身退的感慨，以典故写人生，是李白的名篇。前四句写含光混世的处世：「有耳莫洗颍川水」写有耳莫洗颍川水，「有口莫食首阳蕨」写有口莫食首阳蕨，「含光混世贵无名」写含光混世贵无名，「何用孤高比云月」写何用孤高比云月；中八句写功成不退的教训：「吾观自古贤达人」写吾观自古贤达人，「功成不退皆殒身」写功成不退皆殒身，「子胥既弃吴江上」写子胥既弃吴江上，「屈原终投湘水滨」写屈原终投湘水滨，「陆机雄才岂自保」写陆机雄才岂自保，「李斯税驾苦不早」写李斯税驾苦不早，「华亭鹤唳讵可闻」写华亭鹤唳讵可闻，「上蔡苍鹰何足道」写上蔡苍鹰何足道；后四句写达生的旷达：「君不见吴中张翰称达生」写君不见吴中张翰称达生，「秋风忽忆江东行」写秋风忽忆江东行，「且乐生前一杯酒」写且乐生前一杯酒，「何须身后千载名」写何须身后千载名。全诗以典故写功成身退，写尽旷达，正是李白「豪放」诗风的本领。【情感与主旨】此诗写功成身退的感慨，以典故写人生，是李白的名篇。李白（701—762），字太白，号青莲居士，唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，人称「诗仙」。此诗写感慨：有耳莫洗颍川水（洗耳之典，许由洗耳颍水，隐者之高洁），有口莫食首阳蕨（伯夷叔齐不食周粟、采薇首阳山之典）——劝人莫学孤高的隐者，含光混世、贵在无名，何用孤高比云月；吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身——写功成不退的教训；子胥既弃吴江上（伍子胥被吴王赐死、弃尸江上），屈原终投湘水滨（屈原投汨罗江）；陆机雄才岂自保（陆机才高而遭诛），李斯税驾苦不早（李斯功成而不得善终，悔不早退）；华亭鹤唳讵可闻（陆机临刑叹华亭鹤唳不再闻），上蔡苍鹰何足道（李斯临刑叹上蔡牵黄犬逐狡兔不再得）；君不见吴中张翰称达生（张翰因秋风起思莼鲈而辞官归吴），秋风忽忆江东行；且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名——写达生的旷达。全诗以子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯的典故写功成不退的教训，以张翰的典故写达生的旷达，写尽人生感慨与旷达，正是李白「豪放」诗风的本领。【名句点睛】常考「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」写达生的旷达；「功成不退皆殒身」写功成身退的教训；「子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨」「陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早」用典写历史教训；「含光混世贵无名」写处世之道；以及全诗以典故写人生、旷达豪放的手法。

Background

Li Bai (701-762), the great poet of the Tang, wrote this 'The, Hard, Road, No. 3' of the road and the philosophy — the philosophy of the retreat after the merit. The admonition of the Yingshui and the Shouyang, the warning of the great men, and the close's the enjoyment of the cup of wine — the poem gathers the philosophy of the poet, the freedom of the reclusion. The poem is one of the famous works of the poet's poems of the hard road.

此诗写功成身退的感慨，以典故写人生，是李白的名篇。李白（701—762），字太白，号青莲居士，唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，人称「诗仙」。李白才华横溢而仕途坎坷：曾供奉翰林，后因权贵谗毁而赐金放还，漫游天下，对功名富贵有深切的体悟。此诗写感慨：「有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨」写有耳莫洗颍川水（洗耳之典：尧让天下于许由，许由洗耳于颍水，此处劝人莫学孤高的隐者），有口莫食首阳蕨（伯夷、叔齐不食周粟、采薇首阳山之典，此处劝人莫学绝食的孤高）——含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月——写含光混世、贵在无名，不必以孤高自比云月；「吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身」写我观自古贤达之人，功成而不退者皆遭殒身；「子胥既弃吴江上」用伍子胥之典——伍子胥佐吴王夫差，功成而被赐死，弃尸吴江；「屈原终投湘水滨」用屈原之典——屈原忠而被谤，终投汨罗江（湘水）；「陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早」用陆机、李斯之典——陆机才高而遭诛，李斯功成而不得善终，悔不早退（税驾即解驾、休息，喻退隐）；「华亭鹤唳讵可闻？上蔡苍鹰何足道」用陆机临刑叹华亭鹤唳、李斯临刑叹上蔡黄犬之典——生前富贵荣华，临死皆不足道；「君不见吴中张翰称达生，秋风忽忆江东行」用张翰之典——张翰见秋风起，思吴中莼羹鲈脍，遂辞官归吴，称达生；「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」写且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载之名——以达生的旷达收束。全诗以许由、伯夷、伍子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯、张翰的典故写功成身退的教训与达生的旷达，是理解李白人生感慨的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the enjoyment. The admonition opens: having, the, ears, do, not, wash, them, in, the, water, of, the, Yingshui — the water of the Yingshui; having, the, mouths, do, not, eat, the, ferns, of, the, Shouyang — the ferns of the Shouyang. The philosophy follows: holding, the, light, mixing, with, the, world, valuing, the, nameless — the nameless of the valuing; why, use, the, lonely, height, to, compare, with, the, clouds, and, the, moon — the clouds and the moon of the comparing. The warning follows: I, see, the, worthy, and, the, great, men, of, the, ancient, times — the great men of the ancient times; those, whose, merit, accomplished, not, retreating, all, perished — the perished of the not retreating; the, Zixu, being, abandoned, in, the, waters, of, the, Wu, river — the Zixu of the abandoned; the, Qu, Yuan, in, the, end, thrown, into, the, shores, of, the, Xiang, water — the Qu Yuan of the thrown; the, Lu, Ji, the, great, talent, how, could, he, protect, himself — the Lu Ji of the protect; the, Li, Si, reining, in, the, carriage, how, he, regretted, not, the, early — the Li Si of the regretted; the, cry, of, the, Huating, cranes, how, could, it, be, heard — the Huating cranes of the heard; the, gray, hawk, of, the, Shangcai, what, is, it, worth, to, mention — the gray hawk of the Shangcai. And the close gathers the enjoyment: do, you, not, see, the, Zhang, Han, of, the, Wu, who, was, called, the, understanding, of, the, life — the Zhang Han of the understanding; the, autumn, wind, suddenly, remembering, the, journey, of, the, east, of, the, Jiang — the east of the Jiang of the autumn wind; moreover, enjoy, the, cup, of, wine, of, the, present, life — the cup of wine of the present life; why, need, the, fame, of, the, thousand, years, after, the, death — the fame of the thousand years — the admonition, the warning and the close's enjoyment, gathered in the poem.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以劝诫开篇。起四句「有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨。含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月」以劝诫开篇——那「莫洗颍川水」「莫食首阳蕨」以反用典故的劝诫写处世之道，以劝诫开篇，写尽含光混世的旷达。其二，以用典写教训。中八句「吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身。子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨。陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早。华亭鹤唳讵可闻？上蔡苍鹰何足道」以用典写教训——那子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯的典故写尽功成不退的教训，以用典写尽历史的警示。其三，以反问写感慨。「陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早。华亭鹤唳讵可闻？上蔡苍鹰何足道」以反问写感慨——那「岂自保」「讵可闻」「何足道」以反问写尽富贵如梦的感慨。其四，以旷达收束。「君不见吴中张翰称达生，秋风忽忆江东行。且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」以旷达收束——那张翰的典故写尽达生，「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」以旷达收束，写尽生前之乐与身后之名不必求的旷达。四重手法，使此诗以典故写功成身退，写尽旷达，正是李白「豪放」诗风的本领。

Allusions

'The water of the Yingshui' (ying chuan shui) is the water of the Yingshui — the water of the washing the ears, the admonition of the opening; 'the ferns of the Shouyang' (shou yang jue) are the ferns of the Shouyang — the ferns of the Boyi and the Shuqi, the admonition of the opening; 'the Zixu' (zi xu) is the Zixu — the Wu Zixu, the abandoned of the middle; 'the Huating cranes' (hua ting he) are the Huating cranes — the cranes of the Huating, the cry of the middle; 'the Zhang Han' (zhang han) is the Zhang Han — the Zhang Han of the Wu, the understanding of the close.

此诗的用语深植于历史典故与人生感慨的传统。「有耳莫洗颍川水」用许由洗耳之典——尧让天下于许由，许由恶闻其言，洗耳于颍水之滨，令人想到「洗耳」写隐者高洁的典故，也令人想到「颍水」写隐逸的意象；「有口莫食首阳蕨」用伯夷叔齐之典——伯夷、叔齐不食周粟，采薇首阳山，令人想到「采薇」写孤高的典故，也令人想到「首阳」写守节的意象；「含光混世」令人想到「含光」写韬光养晦的意象——「含光混世」即和光同尘，也令人想到「和光同尘」的老子思想；「功成不退皆殒身」令人想到「功成身退」的意象——「功成身退，天之道」（老子），也令人想到「兔死狗烹」的教训；「子胥既弃吴江上」用伍子胥之典——伍子胥佐吴伐楚，后被夫差赐死，盛以鸱夷革，浮于江上，令人想到「伍胥抉目」的悲烈，也令人想到「吴江」写殉身之地；「屈原终投湘水滨」用屈原之典——屈原忠而被谤，怀石自沉汨罗江，令人想到「怀沙」的悲愤，也令人想到「湘水」写投江之地；「陆机雄才岂自保」用陆机之典——陆机才高八斗，为司马颖所诛，令人想到「陆海潘江」的才名，也令人想到「雄才」写才高；「李斯税驾苦不早」用李斯之典——李斯辅秦，功高震主，被赵高所害，临刑悔不早退，令人想到「税驾」写解驾休息（喻退隐），也令人想到「李斯黄犬」的悲叹；「华亭鹤唳讵可闻」用陆机之典——陆机临刑叹曰「华亭鹤唳，岂可复闻乎」，令人想到「华亭鹤唳」写临死的悲叹，也令人想到「鹤唳」写鹤鸣；「上蔡苍鹰何足道」用李斯之典——李斯临刑顾谓其子曰「吾欲与若复牵黄犬俱出上蔡东门逐狡兔，岂可得乎」，令人想到「上蔡苍鹰」写牵犬逐兔的富贵之叹，也令人想到「黄犬之叹」的悲慨；「张翰称达生」用张翰之典——张翰见秋风起，思吴中莼羹鲈脍，遂命驾归吴，令人想到「莼鲈之思」写思乡辞官的典故，也令人想到「达生」写旷达的人生观；「秋风忽忆江东行」令人想到「秋风起」写思归的意象——「莼鲈之思」，也令人想到「江东」写故乡；「且乐生前一杯酒」令人想到「生前一杯酒」写及时行乐的意象——「人生得意须尽欢」，也令人想到「对酒当歌」的豪饮；「何须身后千载名」令人想到「身后名」写死后的名声——「千秋万岁名，寂寞身后事」（杜甫），也令人想到「千载名」写不朽的虚名。全诗化用许由、伯夷、伍子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯、张翰的历史典故，以典故写功成身退与达生，正是李白「豪放」而善用典、承人生感慨传统写旷达的本领。

Commentary

This poem is one of the famous works of Li Bai's poems of the hard road, quoted for the warning of its middle and the philosophy of its close. The Zixu of the abandoned, and the cup of wine of the present life, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's philosophy: the road gathered in the warning, to the close's cup.

此诗历来被推为李白《行路难》组诗的名篇，也是唐人咏怀诗的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：清人评此诗「以典故写功成身退，旷达豪放」；近人更指出「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」写达生的旷达，是千古名句。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以十二句的长歌写尽功成身退的教训与达生的旷达——那颍川水、首阳蕨的隐者，那含光混世的处世，那功成不退还殒身的贤达，那弃尸吴江的子胥，那投江湘水的屈原，那难自保的陆机，那退不早的李斯，那华亭鹤唳的悲叹，那上蔡苍鹰的富贵，那称达生的张翰，那生前的一杯酒，那身后的千载名，都写尽了李白对功名富贵的体悟与旷达；那「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」更写尽生前之乐与身后之名不必求的旷达。此诗与李白的《行路难·其一》（「长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海」）同为《行路难》名篇，一写济世的豪情，一写达生的旷达；又与张翰「莼鲈之思」的典故一脉相承，可见中国诗写功名与归隐的传统。对于今日读者，此诗是理解李白人生感慨与唐人咏怀诗的窗口，也是中国诗写功名富贵的经典——那生前的一杯酒，穿越千年，仍在诉说着功成身退、达生知命的旷达。

Prosody

Form An old poem of the road (za yan ge xing)诗·七言古诗

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the song that carries the free philosophy.七言古体，转韵（蕨/月/身、滨/早、道、行/名），随情转韵

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the enjoyment: the level opening with the admonition, the turning with the warning, and the close's fall with the cup.此诗为七言古诗，十四句，随情转韵，音节豪放，正合感慨的豪放与旷达。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its freedom: the cadences of the song, and the close — 'he xu shen hou qian zai ming' — falls with the fame, the sound of the philosophy of the road poet.此诗为七言古诗，十四句，两句一韵转韵——「首阳蕨」的「蕨」与「比云月」的「月」、「皆殒身」的「身」，「湘水滨」的「滨」与「苦不早」的「早」，「何足道」的「道」，「江东行」的「行」与「千载名」的「名」，随情转韵，音节豪放。全诗以典故写功成身退：前四句写处世之道（有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨；含光混世贵无名，何用孤高比云月），中八句写历史教训（吾观自古贤达人，功成不退皆殒身；子胥既弃吴江上，屈原终投湘水滨；陆机雄才岂自保？李斯税驾苦不早；华亭鹤唳讵可闻？上蔡苍鹰何足道），后四句写达生的旷达（君不见吴中张翰称达生，秋风忽忆江东行；且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名）。诵读此诗，宜以劝诫的语调读「有耳莫洗颍川水」的处世，以感慨的语调读「功成不退皆殒身」的教训，结句「何须身后千载名」要读得旷达而有余韵，方能传达出李白的旷达豪放。李白古体以「豪放」著称，此诗正是其咏怀古体的典范。

Line by line

且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名

Rather enjoy one cup of wine while alive; why need a fame of a thousand ages after death?

且享乐生前的一杯酒，何须身后千载的名声？

Take your joy in a cup of wine while you live; what need has one of a thousand years of fame after death?

此联是全诗的收束，以一杯酒写生前之乐，以千载名写身后虚名，写尽达生的旷达，是千古名句。「且乐生前一杯酒」写且享乐生前的一杯酒——那「且乐」写姑且享乐，「生前一杯酒」写生前的一杯酒，写尽及时行乐的旷达；「何须身后千载名」写何须身后千载的名声——那「何须」以反问写何须，「身后千载名」写身后千载的名声，写尽身后虚名不必求的旷达。这句的深意在于：它以「且乐生前一杯酒」的享乐与「何须身后千载名」的反问，写尽达生的旷达——且享乐生前的一杯酒，那「且乐生前一杯酒」写尽及时行乐的旷达——生前之乐，尽在一杯酒中，何必苦苦追求；何须身后千载的名声，那「何须身后千载名」以反问写尽身后虚名不必求的旷达——生前已乐，身后之名，千载也罢，何须计较；那「生前一杯酒」写尽当下的享乐，那「身后千载名」写尽身后的虚名，一乐一虚，写尽达生的旷达——乐在生前，名在身后，唯乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名，正是张翰「达生」的写照；此联上承子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯功成不退皆殒身的教训，以达生的旷达收束，写尽李白对功名富贵的体悟——前车之鉴历历在目，不如且乐生前一杯酒。若换作直说「及时行乐吧」，则失其旷达；唯以「且乐生前一杯酒」写享乐、「何须身后千载名」的反问写虚名，写尽达生的旷达，也让此联成为全诗的收束与千古名句。

This couplet closes the poem, a cup of wine in life against a thousand-year fame after death. 'Rather enjoy, while alive, one cup of wine' writes present pleasure; 'why need a thousand-year fame after death' answers the ambition of posthumous renown with a rhetorical question. The couplet crowns the lessons of Wu Zixu, Qu Yuan, Lu Ji, and Li Si, who all died for not withdrawing after success: better the present wine. It is Zhang Han's philosophy of 'following the moment,' Li Bai's reckoning with glory. If stated as 'enjoy life while you can,' the detachment would vanish; only through the cup set against the thousand-year name does the acceptance become grand.

功成不退皆殒身

All who win success and do not withdraw come to a violent end.

功成而不退的人，都遭殒身。

Those who attain success and do not retire—every one of them perishes.

此句是全诗写教训的核心，以直陈写功成不退的教训，是千古名句。「功成不退皆殒身」写功成而不退的人都遭殒身——那「功成不退」写功成而不退，「皆殒身」写都遭殒身，写尽功成不退的历史教训。这句的深意在于：它以「功成不退皆殒身」的直陈，写尽功成不退的历史教训——功成而不退的人，都遭殒身，那「功成不退」写尽居功不隐的危险——功成而不退，正是招祸的根源；「皆殒身」写尽无一幸免的惨烈——子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯，功成不退，皆遭殒身；那「功成不退」写尽居功不隐，那「皆殒身」写尽殒身的惨烈，一写根源，一写结果，写尽功成不退的教训——这正与「有耳莫洗颍川水，有口莫食首阳蕨」的劝诫相对照：既不学孤高的隐者，也不居功不退，而应含光混世、功成身退；此句以直陈写尽教训，下启子胥、屈原、陆机、李斯的典故，正是全诗由处世之道转入历史教训的枢纽。若换作直说「功成要退」，则失其警策；唯以「功成不退皆殒身」的直陈写尽功成不退的教训，也让此句成为全诗写教训的核心。

This line is the lesson heart of the poem, stating outright that those who succeed and do not step down come to ruin. 'Win success and do not withdraw' names the failure; 'all perish' the consequence, absolute. The line serves as the hinge to the allusions that follow—Wu Zixu, Qu Yuan, Lu Ji, Li Si, all rewarded with death for not leaving. Its plainness is the warning: clinging to achievement is the root of disaster. If stated as 'withdraw after success,' the sharpness would fade; only through the blunt 'all perish' does the historical lesson bite.

Study

Word focus

达生 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「君不见吴中张翰称达生」之「达生」是写旷达的关键词，一个「达生」写尽旷达的人生观。达生者，通达生命、看透人生也，语出《庄子·达生》。李白以「称达生」写张翰，这个「达生」至少有双重意味：其一，写看透人生——那「张翰称达生」写张翰被称为达生，那「达生」写尽看透人生的通达——见秋风起而思莼鲈，辞官归吴，正是看透功名；其二，写旷达之乐——那「达生」更是写旷达——达生者乐在生前一杯酒，那「达生」写尽及时行乐的旷达。以「达生」写旷达，正是李白收束全诗的枢纽——若换作「旷达」「达观」等词，则或失其庄子的渊源，或失其与「且乐生前一杯酒」的呼应；唯「达生」二字，以《庄子》的达生写尽看透人生、旷达行乐的境界，与「且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名」相合，写尽全诗的旷达，也让「达生」成为全诗写旷达的关键词。

何须 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「何须身后千载名」之「何须」是写旷达的关键词，一个「何须」写尽身后虚名不必求的旷达。何须者，何必、何用也，反问之辞。李白以「何须」写身后千载名，这个「何须」至少有双重意味：其一，写反问之烈——那「何须身后千载名」写何须身后千载的名声，那「何须」以反问写尽身后虚名不必求的旷达；其二，写取舍之明——那「何须」更是写取舍——且乐生前一杯酒，何须身后千载名，那「何须」写尽生前与身后、实与虚的取舍。以「何须」写旷达，正是李白收束全诗的枢纽——若换作「何必」「岂要」等词，则或失其反问的力度，或失其与「且乐生前一杯酒」的对照；唯「何须」二字，以反问写尽身后虚名不必求的旷达，与「且乐生前一杯酒」的享乐相合，写尽全诗的旷达，也让「何须身后千载名」成为全诗收束的名句。