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魏晋 Wei-Jin · 诗 Poem

答张士然

Answering Zhang Shiran

陆云

Lu Yun

离别Parting 抒情Emotion 羁旅Theme

悠悠涂可极，别恨何时平。
行云思故山，浮济吊仪刑。
遗音犹在耳，离言尚盈情。
属耳悲风响，咨嗟骥騄鸣。
夫子茂远猷，颖诚寄惠音。
永安有昨轨，逝将适西秦。
携手升玉阶，并坐侍丹帷。
金瓠佐饔膳，兰茝充君怀。

Long, long the road may end, but when will parting sorrow cease?
Wandering clouds yearn for home mountains; crossing the river I mourn the ancient model.
Your lingering words still ring in my ears; your parting speech still fills my heart.
I strain my ears to the sad wind's sound, sighing as the swift steed neighs.
You, sir, harbor far-reaching plans; sincerely you send me kind tidings.
In Yong'an there are traces of yesterday; I shall go to Western Qin.
Hand in hand we'll ascend the jade steps, sit side by side by the crimson curtain.
Golden gourds assist the feast; orchids and angelica fill your bosom.

Listen

Meaning

The poem expresses enduring parting sorrow and longing for reunion. It begins with the endless road and unending grief, recalls the friend's words still echoing, and ends with a hopeful vision of future fellowship at court.

路途悠悠哪有尽头，别恨何时方能平复。行云思念故山，浮渡凭吊前贤仪范。您的遗音犹在耳畔，离别的赠言仍满溢深情。侧耳听悲风响动，嗟叹骏马长鸣。夫子宏谋远略，真诚地寄来佳音。永安留有昨日的车辙，我将远去西秦。愿携手同登玉阶，并坐侍奉丹帷。金瓠助备膳食，兰茝充溢君怀。

Appreciation

Lu Yun's reply to Zhang Shiran blends personal longing with the desire for reunion. The poem's first half dwells on separation and memory, using wind and horse neighing to convey solitude; the second half shifts to praise of the friend's virtue and the hope of serving together. The language is elegant and emotionally resonant, typical of Western Jin 'pure and refined' style.

【白话串讲】 “行云思故山”——陆云答朋友：云还思念故乡的山，何况是人。“别恨何时平”——离别的恨，什么时候才能平息。【意象与手法】全篇以「别恨」起、以「重聚」结，章法回环。中幅「属耳悲风响，咨嗟骥騄鸣」以听觉意象写孤旅之哀，骏马悲鸣暗喻才士不遇；「遗音犹在耳，离言尚盈情」工对精严，情致绵长。语言去汉魏古朴而趋清靡，已启南朝声律之先。【情感与主旨】陆云字士龙，吴郡人，与兄陆机并称「二陆」。太康末与机同入洛，结交张士然等中原文士，此诗即答张氏赠诗之作。时二陆初离江南故土，仕途未稳，诗中「行云思故山」既是实景也是乡愁。西晋门阀倾轧渐起，文人多借赠答抒羁旅之悲与山水之思，此篇正太康诗坛「清丽」一脉之代表。【名句点睛】中高考可设：①情感把握，分析「别恨」「遗音」「离言」所构的相思之链；②「骥騄鸣」的比兴（骏马喻才士不遇）；③赠答诗的章法（起于别恨、结于重聚）。

Background

Lu Yun, courtesy name Shilong, was a native of Wu Commandery. Together with his elder brother Lu Ji, they were known as the 'Two Lus'. In the late Taikang era (280–289), they traveled to Luoyang and befriended scholars like Zhang Shiran. This poem answers Zhang's gift. At that time, the Lus had just left their Jiangnan homeland and were unsettled in officialdom. The line 'wandering clouds yearn for home mountains' reflects both real scenery and homesickness. During the Western Jin, factional strife grew, and literati often expressed travel sorrow and landscape longing in such exchange poems, representing the 'pure and lovely' vein of Taikang poetry.

陆云字士龙，吴郡吴县（今江苏苏州）人，西晋文学家，与其兄陆机并称「二陆」，同入洛阳，为太康文学的代表人物。太康末，陆云与兄陆机应征入洛，结交张士然等中原文士，此诗即答张氏赠诗之作。时二陆初离江南故土，仕途未稳，诗中「行云思故山」既是实景也是乡愁。西晋门阀倾轧渐起，文人多借赠答抒羁旅之悲与山水之思，此篇正太康诗坛「清丽」一脉之代表。陆云仕晋官至清河内史，后因兄陆机被谗遭诛而牵连遇害，其人生结局悲凉，此诗所写「别恨」「咨嗟」之叹，竟成谶语。二陆入洛，标志着江南文人北上中原、融入西晋文坛，此诗亦是这一文学史事件的诗证，具有文学史与思想史的双重意义。陆云入洛后，与陆机同被洛阳士人看重，然「二陆入洛，三张减价」，江南文士的北上带来南北文风的交融，此诗「行云思故山」的江南情致与中州赠答的典丽风范并存，正是这一交融的缩影。张士然即张俊，与二陆交厚，陆机亦有《赠张士然》诗，二陆与张氏的唱和，是太康文坛交游的重要一环，此诗可与其兄之作并观，以见二陆与中原文士的文学往来。

Art

The poem begins with 'parting sorrow' and ends with 'reunion', forming a circular structure. The middle couplet 'I strain my ears to the sad wind's sound, sighing as the swift steed neighs' uses auditory imagery to portray travel grief, with the steed's neigh allegorizing unrecognized talent. The couplet 'Your lingering words still ring in my ears, your parting speech still fills my heart' is meticulously parallel, rich in feeling. The language moves away from Han-Wei antiquity toward a pure and refined style, foreshadowing Southern Dynasties prosody. The landscape line 'wandering clouds yearn for home mountains' blends scene and sentiment, opening a tranquil realm within the epistolary form.

全篇以「别恨」起、以「重聚」结，章法回环。起句「悠悠涂可极，别恨何时平」以反问定调，别恨与长途相映，绵绵别恨恰如悠悠长途，两两叠合；「行云思故山，浮济吊仪刑」写途中行云、渡水之景，景中寓乡思与对前贤的追怀，情景交融。「遗音犹在耳，离言尚盈情」工对精严，以听觉写记忆之鲜活，情致绵长；「属耳悲风响，咨嗟骥騄鸣」以听觉意象写孤旅之哀，骏马悲鸣暗喻才士不遇，物我同悲。中幅「夫子茂远猷，颖诚寄惠音」转入答谢，回扣诗题；「永安有昨轨，逝将适西秦」写将赴西秦，以古事自励；末「携手升玉阶，并坐侍丹帷」以重聚之愿收束，由哀转望。全诗语言去汉魏古朴而趋清靡，已启南朝声律之先，于赠答体中别开澄淡一境。全诗以「别恨」为经、「重聚」为纬：起于别恨，中历乡思、忆音、悲鸣，末归于携手之愿，经纬交织，情文并茂；八联之中，写景、抒情、酬答、言志各得其所，正是赠答诗「得体」的典范。

Allusions

The 'swift steed' (jilu) alludes to Zhuangzi and Cao Zhi's poem 'Presented to Prince Baima' where flies confuse black and white, slander causing estrangement. Here, the steed symbolizes talent, its neigh expressing frustration at unrecognized ability. 'Golden gourds' (jinhulu) were precious vessels in Han-Jin poetry, here indicating the friend's capacity for worldly service. 'Orchids and angelica' (lan zhi) derive from Chu ci 'Nine Songs' 'Yuan you zhi xi li you lan', likening the friend's virtue to fragrant herbs. These allusions are naturally integrated into the lyricism without trace.

篇中「骥騄」典出《庄子·秋水》及曹植《赠白马王彪》一脉，以骏马（骥、騄耳）喻贤才，悲鸣写不遇之愤；「咨嗟」为叹词叠用，写对骏马悲鸣的感伤。「金瓠」本指黄金葫芦，汉晋诗中多作嘉器之喻，此处言友人之才足备世用；「兰茝」出《楚辞·九歌》「沅有芷兮澧有兰」，以香草比友人高洁，承楚辞香草美人的传统。「永安」为地名（今山西霍州一带），「西秦」指关中，皆实写行踪；「浮济」即渡济水，「吊仪刑」言凭吊前贤仪范，承《诗经·大雅·文王》「仪刑文王」之语。「昨轨」言前人的车辙旧迹，写行路之承前。诸典皆自然融入抒情，不着痕迹，正见西晋诗「典丽」之风，亦见二陆以经史、楚辞入诗的学问底子。「玉阶」「丹帷」皆宫廷朝会之具，「携手升玉阶，并坐侍丹帷」写他日同朝共事之愿，既见友情之深，亦见二陆入洛求仕的抱负；以朝仪写友情，用典雅正而情意恳切。「丹帷」即红色帷帐，为宫中侍御之饰，以「携手升玉阶，并坐侍丹帷」写他日同僚之愿，用色鲜明，情意恳切，是赠答诗中以朝仪写友情的佳句。

Commentary

Zhong Rong's Shipin ranks Lu Yun in the middle grade, saying 'Shilong's poetry, though not as good as Ji's, still relies on his elder brother and shows much clarity and alertness.' Hu Yinglin of Ming in Shisou praised the 'Two Lus' as 'classical and beautiful'. Chen Zuoming in Qing's Caishantang Ancient Poems commented that Lu Yun's poems are 'pure, harmonious, and graceful'. This exchange poem, with its emotion and tranquil scenery, well illustrates the Western Jin transition from rustic to ornate.

钟嵘《诗品》列陆云于中品，谓「士龙诗虽不如机，犹依仗兄公，颇多清警」。明·胡应麟《诗薮》称二陆「典丽」；清·陈祚明《采菽堂古诗选》评云诗「清和宛转」，此篇赠答之情、澄淡之景，足见西晋诗由质转文之轨迹。陆云与兄陆机同以才名倾动洛阳，其诗清丽工整，虽格高不如机，而自有清警之气；此诗以「别恨」为题而归于「携手」，赠答得体，情文兼至。太康诗坛以「结藻清英，流韵绮靡」为特征，此诗正是这一诗风的代表，也是研究二陆交游、西晋赠答诗体与江南文士北上的重要文献。此诗虽非陆云最著名之作，然其「行云思故山」一句，以五字写尽江南游子的乡愁，历来为论者所称；西晋赠答诗多应酬之作而少真情，此诗情真语挚，是太康赠答诗中「以情胜」的佳作，也是二陆研究的重要文献。此诗与陆机《赠张士然》为同题唱和，兄弟二人同答一人，而笔致各异，合观可见二陆诗风之别：机诗雄赡，云诗清婉，是太康诗坛「双璧竞秀」的绝佳例证。

Prosody

Form Five-character old-style (epistolary)五言古诗（赠答）

Rhyme Free rhyme changes古体，换韵自由，不拘一韵

Tone pattern No strict tonal pattern古体不拘平仄，五言句式整饬，多偶句

Reading note Western Jin Taikang style: pure and refined, uses parallelism while remaining natural此诗为五言古诗，属古体，不循近体格律，用韵自由、平仄不拘。全诗八联十六句，五言句式整齐，而多用偶句（如「遗音犹在耳，离言尚盈情」「属耳悲风响，咨嗟骥騄鸣」），正见西晋太康诗风「骈俪化」的趋势——对偶渐工而尚未如齐梁之精严，处于汉魏古诗向六朝骈诗过渡的阶段。用韵随章而转，古体自由，不以平仄拘束，而以气运声、以情驭韵；「平」「情」「鸣」「音」「秦」「帷」「怀」诸韵疏朗流转，正合赠答抒情之体。陆云诗以「清和宛转」著称，此诗音节舒缓、对偶自然，声情与辞情相谐，是西晋五古由质转文的代表，也是研究古诗由汉魏到六朝声律演进的重要文本。诵读此诗，宜以舒缓清婉之声出之，「悠悠」「咨嗟」等叠字叹词处稍作停顿，末联「携手升玉阶」转明亮，方见由哀转望的情感脉络。

Line by line

悠悠涂可极，别恨何时平

The endless road can be traversed, but when will the sorrow of parting cease?

路途悠悠哪有尽头，别恨何时方能平复。

The road stretches on without end; when will the grief of parting ever settle?

以反问起势，开门见山定下相思基调。「悠悠涂可极」写路途之悠长无尽，「可极」以反问说「哪能到头」，路途已是无尽；「别恨何时平」再以反问写别恨之难平，两者叠合：路无尽则恨难平，恨难平正因路无尽，抽象之恨与具象之路互相映发。起句即以双重反问把别恨写得绵长深重，正是赠答诗「起调见情」的典范，为全篇定下哀而不伤、绵而有骨的基调。双重反问把别恨写得绵长深重，起调见情，为全篇定调。

The opening uses a double rhetorical question to set the longing. The road stretches on without end writes the road's length; when will the grief of parting ever settle? writes the grief's hardness. The two questions set off each other: the road is endless, hence the grief cannot settle; the grief cannot settle, because the road is endless. The abstract grief and the concrete road reflect each other. This is the赠答 poem's opening that establishes the tone - sorrowful yet not broken, lingering yet with backbone.

遗音犹在耳，离言尚盈情

Your lingering words still ring in my ears; your parting speech still fills my heart.

您的遗音犹在耳畔，离别的话语仍满溢深情。

Your voice is still in my ears; your parting words still brim with feeling.

工对精严，以听觉写记忆之鲜活，情致绵长。「遗音犹在耳」写友人的话别之音仿佛还在耳畔回响，「犹」字写记忆之清晰；「离言尚盈情」写离别赠言仍满溢深情，「盈」字写情意之饱满。两句以「犹」「尚」相对，写时间流逝而记忆不灭，别后的思念因之愈深；对仗工整而不失自然，情致绵长，正是太康诗风「骈俪化」的典型，亦见陆云炼句之精。「犹」「尚」相对，写时间流逝而记忆不灭，别后思念因之愈深。

This couplet's parallel is precise, using sound to write the vividness of memory. Your voice is still in my ears writes the memory's clarity; still character names the vividness. Your parting words still brim with feeling writes the words' fullness; brim character names the feeling's abundance. The still and yet-of two characters contrast time's passing with memory's endurance. The parallel is refined yet natural, showing the Taikang period's骈俪 style and Lu Yun's verse refinement.

属耳悲风响，咨嗟骥騄鸣

I strain my ears to the sad wind's sound, sighing as the swift steed neighs.

侧耳听悲风响动，嗟叹骏马长鸣。

I listen for the sad wind's sound; I sigh at the fine steeds' neighing.

以声写哀，骏马悲鸣暗喻才士不遇，情景相生。「属耳」写侧耳倾听之状，孤旅之中唯闻风声；「悲风响」以风声写环境之凄清，亦是心境之悲凉。「咨嗟」写叹声不断，「骥騄鸣」以良马悲鸣喻才士失意——骥騄本是千里马，却困于长途、悲鸣不已，正是才士不遇、困顿羁旅的自况。物我同悲，情景交融，是全诗最见深致的一联，亦见二陆以骏马自喻的家族情怀。「悲风」与「骥騄鸣」皆以声写哀，物我同悲，是全诗最见深致的一联。

This couplet uses sound to write grief, the fine-steed's neighing secretly comparing the talented man's ill fortune. I listen for the sad wind's sound writes the traveler's listening to the wind; the sad wind is both environment and mood. I sigh at the fine steeds' neighing: fine steeds are thousand-li horses, yet here they neigh in hardship - the comparison for a talented man in distress. Thing and self share grief, scenery and feeling merge; this is the couplet of deepest refinement, showing the Lu brothers' family feeling of comparing themselves to fine steeds.

行云思故山

I strain my ears to the sad wind's sound, sighing as the swift steed neighs.

飘行的云彩思念着故乡的山。

The drifting clouds long for the old mountains.

景中寓乡思，开山水诗澄淡一境。「行云」写空中飘行之云，无根无系，正似远行之人；「思故山」以云拟人，写行云亦思念故乡之山，云犹如此，人何以堪。此句以极简的五字写极深的乡愁，不言己思而托云言之，含蓄隽永；「行云」与「故山」的意象组合，清新澄淡，已开南朝山水诗之先声，是西晋诗中以景写情的上乘之笔，也呼应了陆云离乡北上、情系吴中的身世。以云拟人、托云言乡，含蓄隽永，五字写尽江南游子之愁。

This line writes homesickness within scenery, opening the clear, pale landscape poetry. The drifting clouds write the wind-driven cloud, rootless, like the traveler. Long for the old mountains personifies the cloud - even the cloud longs for its home mountains; if the cloud feels it, how much more the man. This line uses five characters for deep homesickness, not saying I long but letting the cloud say it; reserved and lasting. The drifting clouds and old mountains image is fresh and clear, opening Southern dynasty landscape poetry; it also echoes Lu Yun's own situation of leaving the south for the north.

Study

Word focus

盈 to fill; overflowing 「离言尚盈情」之「盈」作「充满」解，言别语之中情意饱满、充溢于怀。「盈」字写情之满，满则易溢，正反衬别后之空虚——当时情意愈满，今日思念愈空；一「盈」一「空」，今昔对照，相思之深尽在不言之中。以一字写尽满与空的辩证，正是陆云炼字的深致，亦见西晋诗「以一字传神」的追求。「盈」写情之满，满则易溢，反衬别后之空，一盈一空，今昔对照。

咨嗟 to sigh; to lament 「咨嗟骥騄鸣」之「咨嗟」，叹词叠用，写对骏马悲鸣的感伤。「咨」「嗟」本皆叹词，连用则叹息之声相续，如闻其声；「咨嗟」之下，骏马之鸣与词人之叹相应和，人叹马、马叹人，物我同悲，才士不遇之叹尽在其中。以叹词入诗而情韵自深，正是汉魏古诗「以声写情」的传统，亦见陆云对古诗抒情方式的继承。叹词叠用，人叹马、马叹人，物我同悲，才士不遇之叹尽在其中。

昨轨 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 「永安有昨轨」之「昨轨」，昨日的车辙旧迹。「轨」本指车轮碾过的痕迹，以「昨轨」写前人行过的道路，暗含承前人之迹而行的意味；「永安有昨轨，逝将适西秦」写将循前人之迹远赴西秦，既见行路之远，亦见承先之志。以「轨」字写行路与承传，比直说「旧路」更为质实有力，正是西晋诗用字求新求深的表现。以「轨」字写行路与承传，比直说旧路更为质实，见西晋诗用字求深之风。