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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

绝句二首·其一

Quatrain, First of Two

杜甫

Du Fu

写景Scenery 春景Spring scenery 明快Bright and lively

迟日江山丽，春风花草香。
泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯。

In the slow spring sun the land and streams are fair;
The spring breeze carries the fragrance of flowers and grass.
Mud softens, and the swallows come flying;
The sand is warm where the mandarin ducks sleep.

Listen

Meaning

Du Fu's first of two quatrains is pure spring radiance at his Chengdu hut: the slow sun over fair land and streams, the breeze carrying flower and grass fragrance, softened mud and flying swallows, warm sand and sleeping mandarin ducks. Four lines of sight, smell, motion, and stillness build a complete spring picture, and reveal the poet's rare moment of peace after years of war.

春日照耀，江山秀丽，春风送来花草的芳香。泥土湿润松软，燕子衔泥飞舞；沙地温暖，鸳鸯卧在上面安眠。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The slow spring sun makes river and hills beautiful; the spring wind carries the scent of flowers and grass. The mud has softened and swallows fly busily; the sand is warm and the mandarin ducks sleep upon it. [Structure] A twenty-character quatrain, both couplets strictly parallel, a small set piece. The first couplet opens wide (sun, river, hills, wind, flowers, grass); the second closes in on creatures (swallows, ducks). The poem moves from far to near, from the general to the particular, like a camera finding its detail. [Imagery] Sight and smell interweave: fair is for the eye, fragrance for the nose. Then motion and stillness pair off, flying swallows against sleeping ducks, the business of spring against its peace. The whole is a scroll painting: the poet is present nowhere in it, and everywhere in its warmth.

【白话串讲】杜甫写《绝句二首·其一》：“迟日江山丽，春风花草香”——“泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯”——春日江山秀丽，燕子衔泥，鸳鸯卧沙——他写春天的明丽。【意象与手法】此诗是杜甫写春日小景的五言绝句，以明丽的色彩写早春的生机，是杜甫诗作中少见的明快之作。首句「迟日江山丽」写春日的江山——「迟日」指春天的太阳（春日迟出，故曰迟日），春日照耀下的江山格外秀丽；次句「春风花草香」写春风与花草——春风送来花草的芳香，「丽」「香」二字写尽春光的明媚；三句「泥融飞燕子」写春燕衔泥——泥土因春而湿润松软，燕子翻飞衔泥筑巢；末句「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯卧沙——沙地温暖，鸳鸯安然睡卧。全诗四句，前两句写景（江山、花草），后两句写物（燕子、鸳鸯），一动（飞）一静（睡），将早春的生机写得鲜明生动。那「迟日江山丽，春风花草香」的明丽、「泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯」的闲适，正是杜甫诗作中难得的明快与温暖，也是其「诗史」之外「闲适」一面的体现。【情感与主旨】此诗作于唐肃宗上元二年（761）春，时杜甫定居成都浣花溪草堂。杜甫自安史之乱以来颠沛流离，上元元年（760）春于成都浣花溪畔营建草堂，总算有了安身之所。上元二年春，草堂初成，杜甫面对明媚的春光，心情难得地闲适愉悦，遂写此诗（其一）与「江碧鸟逾白」（其二）。那「迟日江山丽，春风花草香」写春日江山的秀丽与花草的芬芳，那「泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯」写春燕筑巢、鸳鸯卧沙的生机，都写尽了草堂春日的安适。全诗以明丽的色彩与生动的画面写早春的生机，是杜甫诗作中难得一见的明快之作，也是其「诗史」沉郁之外「闲适」一面的体现——经历了战乱的漂泊，这位忧国忧民的诗人，终于在草堂的春光里得到了片刻的安宁与愉悦。【名句点睛】常考“迟日江山丽，春风花草香”写春日江山的明丽；“泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯”一动一静写早春的生机。

Background

Written in spring 761, the second year of the Shangyuan era, at Du Fu's thatched hut by the Huanhua Stream in Chengdu. After the An Lushan Rebellion he had been captured in Chang'an, escaped to Fengxiang, held the post of Left Reminder, was demoted to Huazhou for defending Fang Guan, and in 759 abandoned office for Sichuan. In 760 he built the hut at Chengdu, his first settled home in six years of wandering. In this spring of 761, the hut newly finished, he wrote the two quatrains: this one catching the season's radiance and his own rare contentment, the companion piece turning the same spring toward homesickness.

此诗作于唐肃宗上元二年（761）春，时杜甫定居成都浣花溪草堂。杜甫于安史之乱（755—763）爆发后颠沛流离，先陷长安，后逃至凤翔，任左拾遗，因疏救房琯被贬华州，乾元二年（759）弃官入蜀，历尽艰辛，于上元元年（760）春在成都浣花溪畔营建草堂，总算有了安身之所。上元二年春，草堂初成，杜甫面对明媚的春光，心情难得地闲适愉悦，遂写下《绝句二首》（其一「迟日江山丽」、其二「江碧鸟逾白」）。此诗写草堂春日的景物：首句「迟日江山丽」写春日江山——「迟日」即春日（《诗经·豳风·七月》「春日迟迟」，「迟迟」言春日天长日缓，故以迟日代春日），春日照耀下的江山格外秀丽；次句「春风花草香」写春风花草——春风和煦、花草芬芳；三句「泥融飞燕子」写春燕衔泥——春回大地，泥土解冻湿润，燕子翻飞衔泥筑巢；末句「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯卧沙——沙洲因春而暖，鸳鸯安然睡卧。全诗四句二十字，以明丽的色彩、生动的画面写早春的生机，是杜甫诗作中少见的明快之作，与其《春望》《登高》的沉郁形成鲜明对照，可见杜甫诗风的多样。

Art

Four layers of craft. First, sensory fusion: fair is visual, fragrance olfactory, so one couplet engages two senses and the spring becomes almost tangible. Second, motion and stillness: flying swallows against sleeping ducks, one busy, one at rest, spring's energy beside spring's peace. Third, strict parallelism in both couplets (slow sun against spring wind, river and hills fair against flowers and grass fragrant; mud softens against sand warm, flying swallows against sleeping ducks), the model of parallelism in a five-character quatrain, regular yet never stiff. Fourth, complete composition: from the wide view of river and hills, to flowers and grass, to swallows and ducks, the lens moves from far to near, and twenty characters enclose a whole spring. This is Du Fu painting in poetry.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个层面解析。其一，色彩与香气的通感。首句「迟日江山丽」以「丽」写春日照耀下江山的明媚，次句「春风花草香」以「香」写春风送来的花草芬芳，一写视觉（丽），一写嗅觉（香），调动多种感官写春光的明媚。其二，动与静的对照。三句「泥融飞燕子」写燕子翻飞（动），末句「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯安卧（静），一飞一睡、一动一静，相映成趣，写尽春日的生机与安宁。其三，工整的对仗。全诗两联皆对仗——「迟日」对「春风」，「江山丽」对「花草香」；「泥融」对「沙暖」，「飞燕子」对「睡鸳鸯」，对仗工整而不板滞，是五言绝句中对仗的典范。其四，画面的完整。全诗由远及近——从「江山丽」的远景，到「花草香」的近景，再到「飞燕子」「睡鸳鸯」的特写，层次分明，构成一幅完整的春日图卷。四重手法，使这首二十字的小诗写尽早春的生机与草堂的安适，正是杜甫「以诗为画」的本领，也是其诗作中难得的明快之作。

Allusions

Slow sun (chiri) alludes to the Book of Songs (In the slow days of spring, they gather the southernwood), where slow names the long, unhurried light of spring days; Du Fu borrows the phrase as the season's name. Spring breeze joins the tradition of the wind that greens the southern shores. Swallows gathering mud are spring's heralds, as in Bai Juyi's Whose new swallows peck the spring mud and Yan Shu's When the swallows come, it is the new festival. Mandarin ducks on warm sand belong to the tradition of paired bliss, as in Lu Zhaolin's Rather die as paired fish than live without you, and their sleeping here turns the emblem of conjugal love into an emblem of the age's rare peace. From the Book of Songs to the Tang, spring's stock images are gathered and, in Du Fu's hands, made new.

此诗的用语深植于《诗经》与自然传统。「迟日江山丽」写春日——那「迟日」出自《诗经·豳风·七月》「春日迟迟，采蘩祁祁」，言春日天长日缓，杜甫以「迟日」代春日，化用《诗经》语典，令人想到「春日迟迟」的春日意象；「春风花草香」写春风花草——那「春风」令人想到「春风又绿江南岸」（王安石《泊船瓜洲》）的春风意象，也令人想到「迟日江山丽」所写的春日生机。「泥融飞燕子」写春燕衔泥——那「燕子」令人想到「谁家新燕啄春泥」（白居易《钱塘湖春行》）的春燕意象，也令人想到「燕子来时新社」（晏殊《破阵子》）的春日传统，燕子筑巢是春天到来的标志；「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯卧沙——那「鸳鸯」令人想到「鸳鸯戏水」的意象与「得成比目何辞死，愿作鸳鸯不羡仙」（卢照邻《长安古意》）的鸳鸯传统，鸳鸯是爱情与安乐的象征，那「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯在暖沙上安然睡卧，写尽春日的安宁。全诗化用《诗经》「春日迟迟」的语典与春风、燕子、鸳鸯等自然意象，以二十字写尽早春的生机与安宁，正是杜甫「无一字无来处」而自然天成的本领——那迟日、春风、燕子、鸳鸯，都是春天最典型的意象，经杜甫点化，便成一幅明丽的春日图卷。

Commentary

This quatrain is Du Fu's most famous spring scene and one of his rare bright poems. Ming critics called it bright and regular, full of painting. Its place in literary history rests on this: it shows another face of the Sage of Poetry, for the world knows the Du Fu of Spring Gazing and Climbing the Heights, grave and mournful, but here he writes the season with pure delight. The slow sun makes river and hills fair and warm sand where the mandarin ducks sleep hold a moment of peace snatched after the An Lushan Rebellion, the contentment of a wanderer who has finally built a home. Together with its companion piece, it is the standard Du Fu in school anthologies, and for readers today it is the clearest window onto his art of painting in poetry.

此诗历来被推为杜甫写春日景物的名篇，也是其诗作中少见的明快之作。历代论者对此诗评价极高：明人评此诗「明丽工整，画意盎然」；近人更指出此诗「迟日江山丽，春风花草香」「泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯」以工整的对仗与鲜明的画面写早春的生机，是杜甫「以诗为画」的典范。在文学史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它展示了杜甫诗风的另一面——人们熟知杜甫是「诗圣」，是写《春望》《登高》的沉郁诗人，但此诗却以明丽的色彩、闲适的情调写春日小景，可见杜甫既能沉郁苍凉，也能明快温暖；那「迟日江山丽」的明媚、「沙暖睡鸳鸯」的安宁，写尽了安史之乱后草堂春日的片刻安宁，也写尽了这位饱经忧患的诗人难得的闲适心境。诗中「迟日江山丽，春风花草香」「泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯」都是千古名句。此诗与其二「江碧鸟逾白，山青花欲燃」同为草堂春日的写照，也是小学教材中杜甫诗作的代表。对于今日读者，此诗是感受杜甫「闲适」一面的窗口，也是中国诗歌写春景的经典——那迟日、春风、燕子、鸳鸯，穿越千年，仍在诉说着春日的美好与安宁。

Prosody

Form Five-character quatrain (wujue), four lines; oblique-tone opening and close, first line unrhymed.五言绝句（仄起仄收，首句不入韵）

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level-tone yang category: xiang, yang, one rhyme throughout, bright and flowing, matching the radiance of the spring scene.全诗押平声阳韵（香、鸯），一韵到底，韵音明朗流丽，正合春日景象的明快。

Tone pattern Both couplets are strictly parallel, and the even, matched rhythm gives the poem its air of bright order; the level rhyme carries to a close on the sleeping ducks, so the sound itself settles into rest.此诗为五言绝句，四句二十字，押平声韵。全诗按内容可分为两联：前联写春日景象（迟日江山丽、春风花草香）；后联写春日物象（泥融飞燕子、沙暖睡鸳鸯）。声调上，全诗两联皆对仗（迟日对春风、江山丽对花草香；泥融对沙暖、飞燕子对睡鸳鸯），节奏明快工整，平声韵一韵到底，韵音明朗，正合春日景象的明快与工整。

Reading note The classic five-character quatrain of a spring scene. Both couplets parallel (slow sun against spring wind, flying swallows against sleeping ducks), regular but never stiff, and the level yang rhyme stays bright from fragrance to the sleeping ducks. Read the first couplet bright and open, the second light and warm, mud softens, swallows fly; sand warm, ducks asleep, to convey the peace of Du Fu's Chengdu spring.此诗是五言绝句写春日小景的经典，以工整的对仗与鲜明的画面写早春的生机，是杜甫诗作中难得的明快之作。全诗四句：前联写春日的明媚（迟日江山丽、春风花草香），后联写春日的生机与安宁（泥融飞燕子、沙暖睡鸳鸯）。声调上，全诗两联皆对仗，工整而不板滞，那「迟日」「春风」「泥融」「沙暖」的平仄相间、节奏明快，正合春日的明丽。诵读此诗，宜以明快的语调读前联的明媚，以舒缓的语调读后联的生机与安宁，尤其「泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯」两句，要读得轻快而温馨，方能传达出杜甫草堂春日的安适。杜甫诗多沉郁，此诗却明快温暖，正见其诗风的多样——那「迟日江山丽」的明媚，正是「诗圣」难得的闲适一面。

Line by line

迟日江山丽，春风花草香。

In the slow spring sun the land and streams are fair; the spring breeze carries the fragrance of flowers and grass.

春日照耀，江山秀丽；春风和煦，花草芬芳。

The slow sun of spring lights a fair land; the spring breeze carries the fragrance of grass and flowers.

这句是写春日景象的名句，也是千古名句，以视觉与嗅觉的通感写春光的明媚，明丽而工整。「迟日江山丽」写春日江山——「迟日」出自《诗经》「春日迟迟」，指春日的太阳，「丽」字写春日照耀下江山的秀丽明媚；「春风花草香」写春风花草——那「香」字写春风送来的花草芬芳，视觉之「丽」与嗅觉之「香」相映，写尽春光的明媚。这句的深意在于：它以「迟日」「春风」点出春的季节，以「江山丽」「花草香」写春的明媚，一写视觉（江山之丽）、一写嗅觉（花草之香），调动多种感官写出了春天最鲜明的感受；那「迟日」的暖、「春风」的和、「江山」的秀、「花草」的香，正是春天最典型的意象，经杜甫一联对仗，便成一幅明丽的春日画卷。而那「迟日」写春日的温煦，「丽」「香」写春光的明媚，都透露出诗人面对春日江山的愉悦心境。以「迟日」点节令、以「丽」「香」写感受，正是杜甫「以诗为画」的本领，也让这句成为写春日景象的千古名句。

This line is a famous passage on spring scenery, quoted through the ages, writing spring's brightness through the synesthesia of sight and smell, bright and well paired. 'The slow sun of spring lights a fair land' — 'the slow sun' comes from the Book of Songs, 'the spring sun is slow', the spring sunlight; 'fair' writing the land's beauty in the spring light; 'the spring breeze carries the fragrance of grass and flowers' — the word 'fragrance' writing the spring breeze's scent of grass and flowers, the visual 'fair' meeting the olfactory 'fragrance', spring's brightness to the full. The depth: 'slow sun' and 'spring breeze' mark the season, 'fair land' and 'fragrant grass and flowers' write the brightness, one visual (the land's beauty), one olfactory (the flowers' scent), several senses summoned for the sharpest feeling of spring; the warmth of 'the slow sun', the mildness of 'spring breeze', the loveliness of the 'land', the scent of 'grass and flowers', the typical images of spring, in Du Fu's couplet making a bright spring picture. And 'the slow sun's' warmth, 'fair' and 'fragrance's' brightness, all breathe the poet's joy before the spring land.

泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯。

Mud softens, and the swallows come flying; the sand is warm where the mandarin ducks sleep.

泥土湿润松软，燕子衔泥飞舞；沙地温暖，鸳鸯卧在上面安眠。

The mud is soft and warm; swallows fly about; the sandbank is warm; mandarin ducks lie asleep.

这句是写春日生机的名句，也是千古名句，以动与静的对照写早春的生机与安宁，工整而生动。「泥融飞燕子」写春燕衔泥——那「泥融」写春回大地、泥土解冻湿润松软，「飞燕子」写燕子翻飞衔泥筑巢，一动一「飞」，写尽春天的生机；「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯卧沙——那「沙暖」写沙洲因春而暖，「睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯安然睡卧，一静一「睡」，写尽春天的安宁。这句的深意在于：它以「泥融」「沙暖」点出春回大地的温暖——泥土因春而融、沙洲因春而暖，那「融」「暖」二字写尽春天的温度；以「飞燕子」「睡鸳鸯」写春天的生机与安宁——燕子衔泥筑巢，是春天的忙碌与生机；鸳鸯暖沙安卧，是春天的悠闲与安宁，一飞一睡、一动一静，相映成趣。而那燕子筑巢、鸳鸯安卧，都是春天最典型的景象，正写尽了草堂春日的安适。以「融」「暖」写温度、以「飞」「睡」写动静，正是杜甫「以诗为画」的本领，也让这句成为写春日生机的千古名句。

This line is a famous passage on spring's life, quoted through the ages, writing early spring's vitality and calm through the contrast of movement and stillness, well paired and vivid. 'The mud is soft and warm; swallows fly about' — 'soft and warm' the earth thawed and moist with spring, 'swallows fly' the swallows darting with beaks of mud to build their nests, one movement 'fly', writing spring's vitality; 'the sandbank is warm; mandarin ducks lie asleep' — 'warm' the sandbank warmed by spring, 'mandarin ducks asleep' the ducks resting at ease, one stillness 'sleep', writing spring's calm. The depth: 'soft and warm' and 'warm' mark the warmth of spring returning — the mud softened by spring, the bank warmed by spring, the two words 'soft' and 'warm' writing spring's temperature; 'swallows fly' and 'mandarin ducks asleep' write vitality and calm — swallows building nests, spring's busy life; ducks resting on the warm bank, spring's leisured peace, one fly one sleep, one movement one stillness, feeding each other. And the nesting swallows and resting ducks are spring's typical sights, writing to the full the ease of the thatched hall's spring.

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Word focus

丽 Beautiful, radiant, the key word of the first couplet. It names the spring sun's gift to the land: not summer's blaze nor autumn's bleakness but a specific spring radiance. It is also the poet's mood, for the landscape's brightness and the heart's brightness merge in one character. 「丽」字是写春日江山的关键字，一个「丽」字写尽春日江山的明媚，是首句的点睛字。丽者，秀丽、明丽也。杜甫以「迟日江山丽」写春日江山，一个「丽」字，至少有双重意味：其一，写江山之明丽——那春日照耀下的江山，色彩明丽、气象明媚，不同于夏日的浓烈、秋日的萧瑟，「丽」字写尽春日特有的明媚与温煦；其二，写心境之愉悦——那「丽」字既是江山的明丽，也是心境的愉悦，面对如此明媚的江山，诗人（草堂定居后的杜甫）的心境也随之明丽起来，「丽」字写尽景与情的交融。以「丽」字写江山，正是杜甫写春日明快的关键——若换作「秀」「美」等字，则或失其明媚的光感，或失其温煦的温度；唯「丽」字，以一字写尽春日江山的明媚与诗人心境的愉悦，也让「迟日江山丽」成为写春日的名句，为全诗定下明丽的基调。

睡 Sleep, the key word of the second couplet's stillness. The mandarin ducks sleep because the sand is warm and nothing disturbs them; one character writes the safety and peace of the Chengdu spring, and against the flying swallows makes the season's double face: energy and rest. 「睡」字是写春日安宁的关键字，一个「睡」字写尽春日的安宁，是「沙暖睡鸳鸯」的传神处。睡者，卧眠也。杜甫以「沙暖睡鸳鸯」写鸳鸯卧沙，一个「睡」字，至少有双重意味：其一，写鸳鸯之安卧——那「睡」字写鸳鸯在暖沙上安然睡卧，不是活动、不是飞翔，而是安然入睡，「睡」字写尽鸳鸯的闲适与春日的安宁；其二，写氛围之安逸——那鸳鸯所以能「睡」，正因为沙暖（沙地温暖）而环境安宁（无人惊扰），「睡」字写尽了春日草堂的安逸氛围，与「泥融飞燕子」的「飞」相对，一静一动，写尽春日的生机与安宁。以「睡」字写鸳鸯，正是杜甫以静写安的传神之笔——若换作「卧」「宿」等字，则或失其安然入睡的情态，或失其安宁的氛围；唯「睡」字，以一字写尽鸳鸯的安卧与春日的安逸，也让「沙暖睡鸳鸯」成为写春日安宁的名句，与「飞燕子」的生机相映成趣。