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唐 Tang · 诗 Poem

宿桐庐江寄广陵旧游

Lodging on the Tonglu River, Sent to Old Friends in Guangling

孟浩然

Meng Haoran

羁旅Sojourn 怀友Remembrance of Friends

山暝听猿愁，沧江急夜流。
风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟。
建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游。
还将两行泪，遥寄海西头。

In the darkened hills I hear the apes and my grief grows; the grey-green river rushes through the night.
Wind rings the leaves on both banks; moonlight shines on a single lonely boat.
Jiande is not my native land; I think of Yangzhou and my old friends.
Still I send my two rows of tears, far away, to the western shore of the sea.

Listen

Meaning

A five-character regulated verse written when Meng Haoran, wandering the southeast, lodged on the Tonglu River and thought of friends in Yangzhou. From the dark hills, apes, and rushing river he turns to the lone boat under moonlight, then names his exile and sends his tears east. The poem is a clear, natural model of scene melting into friendship.

山色昏暗，听到猿啼更添愁绪，沧江急流，在夜色中奔涌。风吹得两岸的树叶簌簌作响，月光照着江上的一叶孤舟。建德不是我的故土，遥想扬州，追忆旧日的友人。我将两行热泪，遥寄给海西头的故人。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] In the darkened hills the apes stir grief and the grey-green river rushes by night; wind rings the leaves, moonlight falls on a single lonely boat; Jiande is not home, he thinks of Yangzhou's old friends; he sends his two rows of tears far to the western shore. [Structure] The first two couplets scene, the last two feeling—nature into affection. [Imagery] 'Wind rings the leaves, moonlight on a lone boat' is the famous line, sound set against light, motion against stillness. [Tone] Clear and natural, with a faint, lingering sadness.

【白话串讲】孟浩然写《宿桐庐江寄广陵旧游》：“山暝听猿愁，沧江急夜流”——“风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟”——“建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游”——“还将两行泪，遥寄海西头”——他夜宿桐庐江，思念扬州旧友。【意象与手法】此诗写夜宿江上、怀念旧友，是孟浩然羁旅诗的名篇。起联「山暝听猿愁，沧江急夜流」以猿啼、急流写夜江之景，视听并写，愁绪暗生；颔联「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」是千古名句，以风声、叶声写秋夜之动，以孤舟、冷月写羁旅之孤，动静相衬，情景交融；颈联「建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游」点出怀乡忆友之题，「非吾土」写身在异乡，「忆旧游」写心系故人，对仗工整；尾联「还将两行泪，遥寄海西头」以泪寄友，直抒深情。全诗由景入情，由夜江之景写到怀友之情，层次分明，正是孟浩然「清淡自然」诗风的代表。【情感与主旨】此诗作于孟浩然漫游吴越时期。孟浩然一生布衣，壮年漫游江南，曾到建德、扬州一带，此诗即夜宿桐庐江（在今浙江桐庐）时怀念扬州旧友所作。孟浩然仕途失意，常怀归隐之志，却又羁旅奔波，故诗中多有身世之感。此诗写夜宿江上的孤寂与对旧友的怀念，那「建德非吾土」写身在异乡的漂泊，那「维扬忆旧游」写对扬州友人的追忆，正寄寓了诗人羁旅中的乡愁与友情的慰藉。全诗以情写景，情景交融，是孟浩然怀人诗的典范。【名句点睛】常考「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」的千古名句，其以动衬静、情景交融之妙；「建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游」的对仗与乡思友情的表达；「山暝听猿愁」的视听结合写愁；以及全诗由景入情、清淡自然的风格，与孟浩然其他山水田园诗的联系。

Background

Meng Haoran (689–740), styled Haoran of Xiangyang, with Wang Wei formed the 'Wang-Meng' pastoral school. A lifelong commoner, he roamed the southeast in middle age and wrote this on the Tonglu River (in today's Zhejiang) thinking of Guangling (Yangzhou). The Tonglu flows into the Fuchun; Jiande and Yangzhou bookend his journey. The poem shows the homesickness and friendship of a traveling poet who never held office.

此诗为孟浩然漫游吴越时夜宿桐庐江怀念扬州旧友之作，具体作年当在开元十八年（730）前后。孟浩然（689—740），字浩然，襄州襄阳（今湖北襄阳）人，盛唐山水田园诗派的代表诗人，与王维并称「王孟」。孟浩然早年隐居于襄阳鹿门山，四十岁游长安，应进士不第，遂漫游吴越等地，晚年归隐田园。开元年间，孟浩然曾漫游江南，溯长江、历建德、至扬州，一路山水相伴。桐庐江即今浙江境内的桐江，为富春江的一段，流经桐庐县，两岸山色如画，自古为文人游赏之地；建德即今浙江建德，唐时属睦州；维扬即扬州（今江苏扬州），唐时繁华富庶，商旅辐辏。此诗作于诗人夜宿桐庐江的舟中，山暝猿啼、风鸣叶响、冷月孤舟，正是夜江之景；而身在建德一带的诗人，遥望海西（扬州在桐庐之东，故曰海西），追忆旧游，遂写下这首怀友之作。孟浩然生平漫游江南，广交游，与张九龄、王维、王昌龄等皆有往还，诗中「维扬忆旧游」的「旧游」，即其在扬州结交的友人。全诗以夜江之景写羁旅怀友之情，是孟浩然「兴象玲珑，风神散朗」诗风的具体体现。

Art

The art works on four planes. First, sight and sound together: 'darkened hills' and 'hear the apes' open with visual gloom and auditory grief. Second, motion against stillness: 'wind rings the leaves' (sound, movement) against 'moonlight on a lone boat' (light, rest), the famous couplet. Third, neat antithesis: 'Jiande is not my land' against 'I think of Yangzhou's old friends,' place against place, exile against friendship. Fourth, tears sent as gift: 'two rows of tears sent far' makes longing tangible. Scene leads to feeling, clear and natural, the type of Meng Haoran's 'limpid and far' manner.

此诗的艺术特色可从四个层面解析。其一，视听结合的起联。首联「山暝听猿愁，沧江急夜流」写夜江之景——「山暝」写视觉中的山色昏暗，「听猿愁」写听觉中的猿啼，那「愁」字既写猿啼之凄切，也写人心之愁绪；「沧江急夜流」写视觉中的江流奔涌，视听并写，一开篇便营造出夜江苍茫、愁绪暗生的氛围。其二，动静相衬的颔联。「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」是千古名句——「风鸣两岸叶」写风过叶响的动态与声响，「月照一孤舟」写冷月孤舟的静态与清冷，一动一静、一声一色，写尽秋夜江上的清冷与羁旅之人的孤独。其三，工整的对仗。「建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游」以地名对地名，以「非吾土」对「忆旧游」，既是地理的对照，也是乡思与友情的对照，对仗工稳而情意深厚。其四，以泪寄情的收束。尾联「还将两行泪，遥寄海西头」直抒深情，以「两行泪」写思念之深，以「遥寄」写相隔之远，以泪寄友，情真意切。四重手法，使此诗由景入情、情景交融，正是孟浩然「清旷淡远」诗风的代表。

Allusions

The diction belongs to the sojourn and friend-remembering line. 'Hear the apes' cites the old saw 'from Ba's three gorges the ape's three cries wet the robe'; 'grey-green river rushes' the river-farewell topos (Li Bai's 'lonely sail, distant shadow, only the river to the skyline'). 'Moonlight on a lone boat' echoes the lone-boat motif (Liu Zongyuan's 'lone boat, an old man in straw cape'). 'Jiande is not my land' uses Wang Can's 'Though fair, it is not my land' from the 'Rhapsody on Climbing the Tower.' 'Yangzhou' is the old friendship town. The whole gathers these images to write sojourn longing in clear verse.

此诗的用语深植于羁旅与怀人的传统。「山暝听猿愁」写猿啼，令人想到「巴东三峡巫峡长，猿鸣三声泪沾裳」的古谚，也令人想到「猿啼客散暮江头」（司空曙《送卢秦卿》）的羁旅意象——猿啼自古与愁、与别相连；「沧江急夜流」写江流，令人想到「大江东去」的奔涌意象，也令人想到「孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流」（李白《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》）的江流送别；「风鸣两岸叶」写秋叶，令人想到「无边落木萧萧下」（杜甫《登高》）的秋意，也令人想到「风萧萧兮易水寒」的苍凉；「月照一孤舟」写孤舟冷月，令人想到「孤舟蓑笠翁」（柳宗元《江雪》）的孤寂，也令人想到「野渡无人舟自横」（韦应物《滁州西涧》）的寂寥；「建德非吾土」用王粲《登楼赋》「虽信美而非吾土兮，曾何足以少留」之意，点出身在异乡的漂泊；「维扬忆旧游」令人想到「忆昔扬州」的怀旧传统，也令人想到「故人西辞黄鹤楼」的扬州送别。全诗化用羁旅、怀人、望乡的传统意象，以景写情，正是孟浩然「清诗」的本领。

Commentary

Ranked among Meng Haoran's sojourn-and-friend poems and a model of his 'limpid' style, it is praised for 'wind rings, moon shines—one lone boat's scene writes all the sojourner's grief.' The famous couplet condenses the cold autumn river and the traveler's loneliness. It stands beside his 'Lodging on the Jiande River' (same region, evening gloom) and continues the Wang-Meng pastoral line, showing the travel heart of a 'fields-and-gardens' poet. For readers it is a window onto Meng Haoran's sojourn verse and his clear, natural art.

此诗历来被推为孟浩然羁旅怀人的名篇，也是其「清旷」诗风的代表。历代论者对此诗评价极高：明人评此诗「风鸣月照，一孤舟之景，写尽羁旅之愁」；清人更指出「建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游」对仗工稳、乡思友情兼至，是孟浩然五律的典范。在诗歌史上，此诗的特殊价值在于：它以「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」的千古名句，写尽秋夜江上的清冷与羁旅之人的孤独——那山暝猿啼的苍茫，那急流孤舟的漂泊，那建德非吾土的乡思，那遥寄海西头的深情，都写尽了这位「田园诗人」羁旅中的心境。此诗与孟浩然的《宿建德江》（「移舟泊烟渚，日暮客愁新」）同为写建德一带羁旅的名篇，一写桐庐江之夜，一写建德江之暮；又与王维的山水诗一脉相承，可见盛唐山水田园诗的情怀。对于今日读者，此诗是理解孟浩然羁旅诗与「清淡自然」诗风的窗口，也是中国诗写羁旅怀友的经典——那鸣响的江叶、清冷的孤舟，穿越千年，仍在诉说着一位行旅诗人对故人的遥念。

Prosody

Form Five-character regulated verse (wu lu)诗·五言律诗

Rhyme Rhymes on liu, zhou, you, tou (Level You category), one rhyme sustained, with a long, gentle sound fitting friendship.押平声尤韵（流、舟、游、头），一韵到底，平韵悠长，正合怀友的绵长

Tone pattern A five-character regulated verse, eight lines in four couplets, the middle pair antithetical; even opening, calm with a faint halt.此诗为五言律诗，八句四联，中二联（颔联、颈联）对仗工整。全诗仄起平收，节奏平稳，于清淡中见顿挫。

Reading note Eight lines in four couplets: first scenes (dark hills, rushing river), second scenes feeling (wind, lone boat), third feeling (not my land, old friends), fourth closes (tears sent far). Rhymes on the You category (liu, zhou, you, tou) without shift; the middle pair antithetical. Read the scene clear, the feeling deep, the famous couplet with lingering cold.此诗为五言律诗，八句四联：首联写景（山暝听猿愁，沧江急夜流），颔联写景兼抒情（风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟），颈联抒情（建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游），尾联抒情收束（还将两行泪，遥寄海西头）。押平声尤韵，韵脚「流、舟、游、头」皆平声，悠长舒缓，正合怀友之情的绵长。中二联对仗工整：「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」以风、月、叶、舟四物相对，动静相衬；「建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游」以地名相对，工稳而情厚。全诗以平仄相间的五言句式，节奏平稳清和，首联以「山暝」「沧江」写苍茫，颔联以「风鸣」「月照」写清冷，颈联以「非吾土」「忆旧游」写乡思友情，尾联以「两行泪」「海西头」写深情，层层推进。诵读此诗，宜以清和的语调读景，以深情的语调读情，颔联「风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟」要读得清冷而有余韵，方能传达出羁旅怀友的深情。孟浩然诗以清淡自然著称，此诗正是其五律的典范。

Line by line

风鸣两岸叶，月照一孤舟

Wind rings the leaves on both banks; moonlight shines on a single lonely boat.

风吹得两岸的树叶簌簌作响，月光照着江上的一叶孤舟。

The wind sets the leaves humming on both banks; the moon shines on a solitary boat.

此联是全诗的千古名句，以动静相衬、情景交融写羁旅之愁。「风鸣两岸叶」写风过叶响——那「鸣」字写风过两岸树叶的簌簌之声，以声响写秋夜的动；「月照一孤舟」写冷月孤舟——那「照」字写月光洒落，那「孤舟」写江上的一叶孤舟，以月光写秋夜的静。这句的深意在于：它以「风鸣」与「月照」的动静相衬，写尽秋夜江上的清冷——风声叶响是动，冷月孤舟是静，动中愈见静，静中愈显孤；那「一孤舟」更点出舟中之人——诗人独宿孤舟，两岸叶响、一轮冷月，写尽羁旅之人的孤独。若换作「风起叶飘零，月下江茫茫」之类的直说，则失其工整与清冷；唯以「风鸣」对「月照」、「两岸叶」对「一孤舟」的工对，写尽秋夜江景的动与静、清与孤，也让此联成为写羁旅孤寂的千古名句。而且「风鸣」写声、「月照」写光，「两岸叶」写景之繁、「一孤舟」写人之孤，繁与孤相对，更见羁旅之人的形单影只，是唐诗写羁旅孤寂的名句。

This couplet is the famous line of a thousand ages, writing the traveler's grief through motion set against stillness and feeling fused with scenery. The wind sets the leaves humming on both banks writes the wind's motion through the leaves; the moon shines on a solitary boat writes the stillness of the cold moon over the lone boat. The deep meaning lies in that it uses the motion of the wind humming and the stillness of the moon shining to write to the full the cold clarity of the autumn river night - the sound of wind and leaves is motion, the cold moon and lone boat are still, the stillness the deeper within motion, the loneliness the clearer within stillness. The words solitary boat further point out the man within the boat - the poet lodging alone in the lone boat, the leaves humming on both banks, a wheel of cold moon, writing to the full the traveler's loneliness. If one instead directly wrote a plain line like the wind rises and the leaves fall, the river is vast under the moon, one would lose the wrought parallel and cold clarity; only writing the motion of the wind humming against the stillness of the moon shining, and the leaves on both banks against the solitary boat, writing to the full the motion and stillness, the clarity and loneliness of the autumn river scene, makes this couplet the famous line of a thousand ages of the traveler's solitude. Moreover, the wind humming writes sound and the moon shining writes light, the leaves on both banks write the crowded scenery and the solitary boat writes the man's loneliness, the crowded and the lone set against, the more showing the traveler's single shadow.

建德非吾土，维扬忆旧游

Jiande is not my native land; I think of Yangzhou and my old friends.

建德不是我的故土，遥想扬州，追忆旧日的友人。

Jiande is not my home; I think of old friends in Yangzhou.

此联是全诗的点题之笔，以工对写乡思与友情。「建德非吾土」写身在异乡——那「非吾土」写建德虽好，却不是自己的故土，暗用王粲《登楼赋》「虽信美而非吾土兮」之意，点出漂泊异乡的怅惘；「维扬忆旧游」写心系故人——那「维扬」即扬州，「忆旧游」写追忆扬州旧日的友人，点出怀友之题。这句的深意在于：它以「非吾土」与「忆旧游」的对照，写出诗人此刻的双重心绪——身在异乡，故土难归，这是漂泊之愁；心系故人，旧游难寻，这是怀友之思；那「建德」与「维扬」两地的对照，那「非吾土」与「忆旧游」的情感的对照，写尽羁旅之人的乡思与友情的慰藉。若换作直说「身处异乡想念友人」，则失其工整；唯以地名相对、以「非」与「忆」对举，写尽漂泊与怀友的双重愁绪，也让此联成为全诗最见匠心的对句。「建德」是羁旅之地，「维扬」是旧游之乡，一「非」一「忆」，写尽身在异乡而心系旧游的离愁；以地名相对，更见漂泊之感。

This couplet points out the title, writing homesickness and friendship in a wrought parallel. Jiande is not my home uses the allusion to Wang Can's Elevating the Tower of though it be fair, yet it is not my native land, pointing out the wistfulness of drifting in a strange place. I think of old friends in Yangzhou writes the heart's clinging to the old friends, pointing out the theme of cherishing friends. The deep meaning lies in that it uses the contrast of not my home and thinking of old friends to write the poet's double mood at this moment - in a strange land, unable to return home, this is the grief of drifting; the heart clinging to old friends, hard to find, this is the longing for friends. The contrast of the two places Jiande and Yangzhou, and the contrast of the two feelings not my home and thinking of old friends, write to the full the traveler's homesickness and the comfort of friendship. If one instead directly said I miss my friends in a strange land, one would lose the wrought parallel; only pairing the place names and setting not against thinking, writing to the full the double grief of drifting and longing for friends, makes this couplet the most artful couplet of the whole. Jiande is the place of travel, Yangzhou the home of old friends, one not one thinking, writing to the full the parting grief of being in a strange land yet the heart with old friends; pairing the place names the more shows the feeling of drift.

还将两行泪，遥寄海西头

Still I send my two rows of tears, far away, to the western shore of the sea.

我将两行热泪，遥寄给海西头的故人。

And now I send two streams of tears, from afar, to the far head of the western sea.

此联是全诗的情感收束，以泪寄友，直抒深情。「还将两行泪」写将泪相寄——那「两行泪」写思念之深，泪流两行，正是深情难抑；「遥寄海西头」写遥寄远方——那「遥寄」写相隔之远，那「海西头」指扬州一带（扬州在桐庐之东，故曰海西），写故人所在。这句的深意在于：它以「两行泪」与「遥寄」的对照，写出思念的深重与相隔的遥远——正因为思念至深，才以泪相寄；正因为相隔至远，才只能「遥寄」；那「两行泪」写得深情毕露，那「遥寄海西头」写尽山高水长。尤其以「泪」寄友，化无形的思念为有形的泪，情深而意切。若换作「思君不得见，此恨何时休」之类的直说，则失其深情与形象；唯以「两行泪」遥寄「海西头」，写尽羁旅之人的深情与无奈，也让此联成为全诗最动人的一笔。泪本不可寄，而诗人偏以「两行泪」遥寄「海西头」，想象奇而情愈深；那「遥寄」二字，写尽欲寄无由的无奈，也让此联成为全诗最动人的一笔。

This couplet closes the whole's feeling, sending tears to the friend and directly uttering the deep affection. And now I send two streams of tears writes the tears sent, the two streams of tears writing the depth of longing, the tears flowing in two streams, exactly the deep feeling hard to restrain. From afar, to the far head of the western sea writes the distant sending, the from afar writing the distance between them, and the far head of the western sea meaning the Yangzhou region (Yangzhou lies east of Tonglu, hence western sea), where the old friend dwells. The deep meaning lies in that it uses the contrast of two streams of tears and from afar to write the depth of longing and the distance between - precisely because the longing is deepest, the tears are sent; precisely because the distance is greatest, it can only be sent from afar. The two streams of tears lay the deep feeling bare, and from afar, to the far head of the western sea writes to the full the height of mountains and length of waters. Especially sending tears to a friend turns the formless longing into formful tears, the feeling deep and the meaning earnest. If one instead directly wrote a plain line like I long for you and cannot see you, when will this sorrow end, one would lose the deep feeling and the image; only sending two streams of tears from afar to the far head of the western sea, writing to the full the traveler's deep feeling and helplessness, makes this couplet the most moving brush of the whole. Tears cannot be sent, yet the poet insists on sending two streams of tears from afar to the far head of the western sea, the imagination strange and the feeling the deeper; the words from afar write to the full the helplessness of wishing to send and having no way, making this couplet the most moving brush of the whole.

Study

Word focus

孤 The word 'lone' in 'a single lonely boat' doubles the boat's and the man's isolation; one character joins the craft and the traveler in solitude. 「月照一孤舟」之「孤」字是写羁旅之愁的关键字，一个「孤」字写尽舟与人同孤。孤者，孤单、孤独也。孟浩然以「一孤舟」写江上之舟，这个「孤」字至少有双重意味：其一，写舟之孤——那「一孤舟」写江上只有一叶孤舟，茫茫江面，唯此一舟，写尽夜江的寂寥；其二，写人之孤——那「孤」字更是写舟中之人——诗人独宿孤舟，两岸无人，一轮冷月，那「孤」字写尽羁旅之人的孤独。以「孤」字写舟，正是孟浩然写羁旅的枢纽——若换作「小」「独」等字，则或失其与「一」的配合，或失其情感的浓度；唯「孤」字，以一字写尽舟之孤寂与人之孤独，与「月照」的清冷相合，写尽秋夜江上的漂泊，也让「月照一孤舟」成为写羁旅孤寂的千古名句。

急 The word 'rushes' in 'the grey-green river rushes through the night' gives the current its swiftness and hints the traveler's restless heart. 「沧江急夜流」之「急」字是写夜江的关键字，一个「急」字写尽江流的湍急与心绪的急切。急者，湍急、急速也。孟浩然以「急夜流」写沧江，这个「急」字至少有双重意味：其一，写江之湍——那「急夜流」写沧江在夜色中急急奔涌，那「急」字写尽江流的湍急与夜江的动势；其二，写心之切——那「急」字更是写人的心绪——诗人夜宿江上，羁旅漂泊，那「急」字写尽心绪的纷乱与归思的急切。以「急」字写江，正是孟浩然写夜江的妙笔——若换作「缓」「静」等字，则失其动势；唯「急」字，以一字写尽沧江的湍急与心绪的急切，与「山暝听猿愁」的愁绪相合，写尽夜江的苍茫与羁旅的凄清，也让「沧江急夜流」成为全诗起势有力的名句。