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宋 Song · 诗 Poem

送祝生东阳簿

Seeing off the Scholar Zhu, the Clerk of Dongyang

张方平

Zhang Fangping

山水Landscape 田园Pastoral life 送别Farewell 愁思sorrow

之子东南美，声光满贵游。
溪山聊薄宦，才调自名流。
野趣虽孤艇，清涂即十洲。
金波沁园宴，迟子有贤侯。

This, son, of, the southeast, the beautiful,
The fame and the renown, filling, the noble circles.
The brooks and the mountains, a, slight, office,
The talent and the ability, of, the self, the famous, the current.
The wild, the delight, though, the lone boat,
The clear, the path, that, is, the ten isles.
The golden waves, the Qinyuan, the banquet,
Delaying, the son, having, the worthy marquis.

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Meaning

A poem of the seeing off, written by Zhang Fangping. This son of the southeast the beautiful, the fame and the renown filling the noble circles — the praise of the opening. The brooks and the mountains a slight office, the talent and the ability of the self the famous the current — the office of the middle. The wild the delight though the lone boat, the clear the path that is the ten isles — the delight of the middle. And the close's the golden waves the Qinyuan the banquet, delaying the son having the worthy marquis — the close's expectation. The poem is the seeing off and the expectation: the praise, the office, and the close's worthy marquis.

这位后生是东南之美，声名光彩满于贵游之间。溪山暂且聊作薄宦之所，才调自然已属名流。野趣虽只孤艇，清途却即如十洲。金波之中沁园之宴，等待你这贤侯归来。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] This, son, of, the southeast, the beautiful, the fame and the renown, filling, the noble circles. The brooks and the mountains, a, slight, office, the talent and the ability, of, the self, the famous, the current. The wild, the delight, though, the lone boat, the clear, the path, that, is, the ten isles. The golden waves, the Qinyuan, the banquet, delaying, the son, having, the worthy marquis. [Structure and Thought] The poem moves from the praise of the son and the fame, through the office of the brooks and the mountains with the delight of the lone boat, to the close's the golden waves of the Qinyuan and the worthy marquis. [Key Technique] The poem's art is the close of the expectation: the clear path of the ten isles, and the close's the banquet of the Qinyuan with the worthy marquis — the praise gathered in the office and the close's expectation. [Emotional Tone] Praising, hopeful, and noble: the poem is the fame, the office and the close's worthy marquis.

【白话串讲】张方平送祝生去东阳做官：“之子东南美，声光满贵游”。“溪山聊薄宦，才调自名流”——“金波沁园宴，迟子有贤侯”——他写朋友的才名。【意象与手法】诗以「东南美」起赞，中段以溪山、孤艇、十洲、清涂等意象写「位卑道尊」，尾以沁园宴结「期待」，用《诗经》「东南美」、十洲仙典、沁园宴诸语，由称美到慰勉，典丽而温厚。【情感与主旨】称美祝生才调名流、虽任东阳簿这类卑官而清途自在，期待其异日致身贤侯，表达对后进的奖掖与信任。【名句点睛】「溪山聊薄宦，才调自名流」以一卑一尊写位轻才重；「野趣虽孤艇，清涂即十洲」以野对仙，写境僻道宽。

Background

Zhang Fangping (1007-1091), the statesman and poet of the Northern Song, wrote this 'Seeing off the Scholar Zhu, the Clerk of Dongyang' of the seeing off and the expectation — the praise of the young talent. The fame of the southeast with the noble circles, the office of the brooks and the mountains with the talent of the famous, and the close's the golden waves of the Qinyuan with the worthy marquis — the poem gathers the praise of the poet, the hope of the seeing off. The poem is one of the works of the poet's poems of the seeing off.

此诗送祝生赴任东阳簿。祝生其人今已难详，「生」为对年轻士人的尊称，从「东南美」「名流」「贤侯」等语看，当是一位才调出众、出自东南士族、年纪尚轻的后进，初授东阳（今浙江东阳，宋属婺州）主簿这类卑职。北宋重进士科，少年及第、初任簿尉者众，张方平作为前辈，作此诗以奖掖后进。诗中「东南美」用《诗经·尔雅》「东南之美，有会稽之竹箭」及《世说》「东南之宝」意，称其地灵人杰；「贤侯」则是对祝生未来致身通显的期待（或戏称其本为侯门之子）。此诗背景，折射出北宋士林「前辈奖掖后进」的风气——张方平、欧阳修、苏轼皆好推毂少年，视其为道学所寄。诗中不写离愁，而写「才调自名流」「清涂即十洲」，是把一场赴簿之送，写成对青年才俊的信任状：位虽卑，道自尊；今日簿尉，来日贤侯。这种温和的期许，正是北宋士大夫交游中「以道相许」的典型。就官制而言，宋初主簿为县之属官，掌簿书、催赋、勾稽，秩卑而事繁，多由初入仕者充任，士人得之往往有「屈就」之叹，故张方平特以「才调自名流」宽之。又，东阳自南朝以来即为山水名区，沈约曾为东阳太守，传有八咏楼，后世遂成「溪山清绝」的代称，诗中「溪山聊薄宦」着一「聊」字，正借其地之胜以轻其官之卑，慰勉之意深藏于地名之中。至于「东南美」一语，既本《尔雅》之物产之说，又暗含六朝以来「江左风流」的文化记忆，用以许一位东南后进，可谓双关得体。合此数端，可知此诗字字有所本，非泛泛誉人之辞。

Art

The poem's art is the art of the expectation. The praise opens: this, son, of, the southeast, the beautiful — the beautiful of the southeast; the fame and the renown, filling, the noble circles — the fame of the noble circles. The office follows: the brooks and the mountains, a, slight, office — the slight office of the brooks and the mountains; the talent and the ability, of, the self, the famous, the current — the famous of the current; the wild, the delight, though, the lone boat — the lone boat of the wild; the clear, the path, that, is, the ten isles — the ten isles of the clear path. And the close gathers the expectation: the golden waves, the Qinyuan, the banquet — the golden waves of the Qinyuan; delaying, the son, having, the worthy marquis — the worthy marquis of the delaying — the praise, the office and the close's expectation, gathered in the poem.

此诗艺术上最见宋人送别「称美后进」的温厚笔调。起手「之子东南美，声光满贵游」，以「东南美」的典雅成辞称其出身与才质，以「声光满贵游」写其声名已动公卿，起笔便高。颔联「溪山聊薄宦，才调自名流」，以「聊」字轻写簿尉之卑，以「自」字重写才调之名，一卑一尊，把「位轻才重」的张力轻轻带出，毫无怜才伤卑的俗态。颈联「野趣虽孤艇，清涂即十洲」，用孤艇对十洲，以野趣之狭反衬清途之广，言虽处僻而道不穷——十洲为神仙所居，借以喻仕途清贵之境。尾联「金波沁园宴，迟子有贤侯」，以沁园宴（或指贵族宴集）收束，把「期待」写成一场虚席以待的盛宴，「迟子」（待你）二字温润而有重量。全诗由赞、慰、期三层递进，意象由实（溪山孤艇）到虚（十洲沁园），典丽不浮，是宋人奖掖诗的上品。细玩其脉络，「东南美」是空间上的定位，把祝生安放于地灵人杰的谱系之中；「声光满贵游」是社交上的确认，写其声名已为公卿所许；「才调自名流」则由外而内，把称许落到天赋才性；至「清涂即十洲」，更由当下推及未来，把一介簿尉的前程写成仙界坦途。四层递进，由地及人、由名及才、由今及远，环环相扣，无一语浮泛。就炼字看，「满」「聊」「自」「即」「迟」五个虚字尤见功夫：满状声誉之盛，聊轻官职之卑，自表才性之固有，即断清途之必至，迟寓期待之殷切，虚字连缀之间，称美而不谄、慰勉而不傲的分寸感油然而生。此等笔法，非老于世情者不能道，亦非徒工词章者所能至。

Allusions

'The southeast, the beautiful' (dong nan mei) is the southeast, the beautiful — the beauty of the southeast, the praise of the son; 'the ten isles' (shi zhou) are the ten isles — the isles of the immortals, the clear path of the office; 'the Qinyuan' (Qin yuan) is the Qinyuan — the garden of the Qin, the banquet of the close; 'the worthy marquis' (xian hou) is the worthy marquis — the marquis of the worthy, the expectation of the close.

诗中用典与化用凡三处，皆关「美才」与「清途」。一、东南美：本《尔雅》「东南之美者，有会稽之竹箭」，又《世说新语》称东南人物为「东南之宝」，诗中以之称祝生为东南灵秀所钟。二、十洲：东方朔《海内十洲记》载祖洲、瀛洲等十处神仙洲岛，诗中「清涂即十洲」以仙境喻清贵仕途，言其前程如入十洲般广阔。三、沁园宴：沁园为汉明帝女沁水公主之园，后世以「沁园」指贵游宴集之地，「金波沁园宴」写金波（酒）流觞的盛宴，喻对祝生归来的期待。三处由「地灵」（东南美）到「境仙」（十洲）到「宴贵」（沁园），构成「才—途—遇」的递增链。张方平引仙典、贵典入送簿之诗，看似逾分，实则是以「过度」的赞美表达前辈对后进的期许——位虽簿尉，而许以十洲清涂、沁园贤侯，正见宋人交游「以道相许」的慷慨。用典不僻，而每处皆扣「才必显」的主旨。再辨其源流：「东南美」除《尔雅》外，刘义庆《世说新语·言语》亦有「会稽有佳山水，名士多居之」一类品题，六朝人论人物每以「东南之秀」「江表之英」相推，张方平用之，实承此品鉴传统，故称祝生为「之子」，含古乐府「之子于归」的郑重与亲切。「十洲」之典，则又与「清涂」相配——仕途曰清，仙境曰十洲，一以儒、一以道，把士人的宦游比作登仙，正是唐人「白日上升」余绪在宋代的雅化。至于「沁园」，或以为用沁水公主园林，或以为用「金波」酒名以状夜宴之盛，无论何解，皆指向一场虚席以待的华筵，与「迟子」的殷殷期盼合看，直是一幅「主人扫径候客」的画面。三典不僻，而各有来历，且层层关合「才必显、途必清、终必遇」的主旨，张方平用典之精，于此可见。

Commentary

This poem is one of the works of Zhang Fangping's poems of the seeing off, quoted for the praise of its opening and the hope of its close. The fame filling the noble circles, and the golden waves of the Qinyuan, are among the admired passages of the poet's poems. Critics praise the poem's hope: the fame gathered in the office, to the close's worthy marquis.

张方平此诗，可与欧阳修《送曾巩秀才序》、苏轼《送章子平》并观，皆北宋前辈奖掖后进之作。清人编《宋诗钞》虽未多录张氏，然近人论北宋「以诗文凭帖」的交游文化，每举欧、苏，张方平实为之先声。诗中「才调自名流」一句，直承《世说》「名流」品目，而翻作对少年的断定，可见宋人论才之自信；「清涂即十洲」则以仙喻仕，近于李白「天上白玉京」的浪漫，而更温厚。要之，此诗的价值不在沉郁，而在其「温厚」：对一位初任簿尉的青年，不写迁谪之悲，而写清途之广、贤侯之待，是把送别写成信任状。这种「以道相许、以望相励」的奖掖诗，正是北宋士风「前辈推毂后进」的诗化体现，亦张方平「温而能励」诗风的代表。就接受史看，此诗虽不入宋人诸选，然其「称美后进」的范式，实与欧阳修奖掖曾巩、苏轼推许秦观一脉相承，皆以「识才于未显」为士林美德。所可注意者，张方平身处庆历、熙宁党争之间，于新旧之争持论平允，不轻许人，故此诗之赞祝生，当非虚与委蛇，而确有爱才之诚。又，五绝体制短小，本不宜铺叙，张方平却以「东南美」「名流」「十洲」「贤侯」等层层加码的品题，在二十字内完成对一位青年的一生期许，密度之大、措辞之雅，皆见宋人「以少总多」的诗学追求。此诗与其说是送别，不如说是一纸前辈为后进签发的「名流证」，温厚之外，更有一份对后学的责任与期待，读之令人想见当日士林相与推挽的风度。

Prosody

Form A regulated poem of the seeing off (wu yan lü shi)五言绝句

Rhyme The poem rhymes on the level of the group — the cadence of the regulated poem that carries the noble praise.押平声尤韵（平水韵下平十一尤）：游、流、洲、侯；四句皆入韵，首句入韵，一韵贯通，声情悠扬。

Tone pattern The cadence is that of the expectation: the level opening with the fame, the turning with the office, and the close's fall with the worthy marquis.五绝平起首句入韵体。首句「之子东南美」平仄平平仄，次句「声光满贵游」平平仄仄平，三句「野趣虽孤艇」仄仄平平仄，四句「清涂即十洲」平平仄仄平，大体合律而略宽。

Reading note The poem's sound matches its hope: the cadences of the regulated poem, and the close — 'chi zi you xian hou' — falls with the marquis, the sound of the expectation of the seeing off poet.此诗为五言绝句，体制短小而章法温厚，由「赞—慰—期」三层递进展开，读来如前辈对后进的温语。用韵上，游、流、洲、侯同属平水韵下平十一尤，尤韵韵母悠长回环，宜于表达称美与期待的款款深情；四句一韵到底，声情一贯，如春风拂座、层层推许。平仄方面，张方平大体守五绝平起式，唯「东南美」「十洲」等地名、仙典处平仄随义，宋人作诗重意不重律，此类宽假正见其以文驭辞的倾向。整体声律温润悠扬，无唐绝之清峭，而有宋调之醇厚，恰配诗中「以道相许、以望相励」的奖掖命意，是宋人五绝中「温而能励」的标本。

Line by line

之子东南美，声光满贵游。

This, son, of, the southeast, the beautiful, the fame and the renown, filling, the noble circles.

这位后生是东南之美，声名光彩满于贵游之间。

This young man is the beauty of the southeast; his fame and brilliance fill the noble gatherings.

首联是全诗的称美定调，由「地灵」引到「人杰」。「之子东南美」用《尔雅》《世说》「东南之美」成辞，称祝生为东南灵秀所钟，起笔便带经典的光晕与地域的骄傲。「声光满贵游」写其声名已动公卿贵游——一个「满」字，把无形的声誉写成充盈四溢的光彩，既见其才之显，也见其交游之广。这一联不写「久仰」，而用「东南美」「满贵游」这样带空间感、光感的大词，把对少年的称许写得既典雅又张扬。张方平作为前辈，如此起笔，等于给祝生发了一张「名流认定书」：你本东南之美，声光早满贵游，赴簿不过是履历一站。温厚而有重量。

The opening couplet fixes the poem's key of praise, leading from the spirit of the place to the hero of the place. This young man is the beauty of the southeast uses the phrase beauty of the southeast from the Erya and the New Talks, calling Zhu Sheng the one on whom the southeast's spirit gathers, the opening already carrying the halo of the classics and the pride of the region. His fame and brilliance fill the noble gatherings writes that his reputation has already moved the ministers and nobles; the word fill writes the invisible renown as a radiance overflowing on all sides, at once showing his evident talent and his wide connections. This couplet does not write long have I heard but the spacious, luminous words beauty of the southeast and fill the noble gatherings, praising the youth with both elegance and éclat. Fangping, as an elder, opening thus is like issuing Zhu Sheng a certificate of celebrity: you were born the beauty of the southeast, your renown already fills the noble gatherings, and going as clerk is but one station on the résumé. Warm and weighty.

溪山聊薄宦，才调自名流。

The brooks and the mountains, a, slight, office, the talent and the ability, of, the self, the famous, the current.

溪山暂且聊作薄宦之所，才调自然已属名流。

The streams and hills serve but for a humble post; his natural gifts rank among the celebrated.

这一联是全诗最见分寸的一笔，专写「位卑才尊」。「溪山聊薄宦」：东阳溪山虽好，对你而言不过是暂且栖身的薄宦之所，一个「聊」字，把主簿这类卑职轻轻带过，毫无怜才伤卑的俗态。「才调自名流」：你的才调本自属于名流，一个「自」字，写得极有底气——不是我捧你，是你本来就是。一「聊」一「自」，一卑一尊，把「位轻才重」的张力举重若轻地化解。张方平不写「屈才」「遗憾」，而写「聊」与「自」，是对青年才俊最大的尊重：我知你不会以此自困。十四字抵得一篇小传，是宋人奖掖诗「温而能励」的范例。

This couplet is the poem's most measured stroke, writing low post and high talent. The streams and hills serve but for a humble post: though the streams and hills of Dongyang are fair, for you they are but a temporary shelter of humble office; the word lightly passes over the low post of registrar, with no vulgar pity for talent ill-used. His natural gifts rank among the celebrated: your gifts naturally belong to the celebrated; the word of himself is written with great confidence - not that I praise you, but that you are so of your own nature. One lightly, one of himself; one low, one high, resolving the tension of light post and weighty talent with a light hand. Fangping does not write wasted talent or regret but lightly and of himself, the greatest respect for the young talent: I know you will not be trapped by this. Fourteen characters are worth a short biography, a model of the Song encouraging poem that is warm yet stirring.

野趣虽孤艇，清涂即十洲。

The wild delight may be but a lone boat; yet the pure road is even now the Isles of the Blest.

野趣虽只孤艇，清途却即如十洲。

The wild delight may be but a lone boat; yet the pure road is even now the Isles of the Blest.

颈联是全诗最富想象的一笔，以「野」对「仙」写境僻道宽。「野趣虽孤艇」写其赴任东阳的孤寂——一叶孤艇，野趣而已，是实写处境之偏；「清涂即十洲」却陡然升华：你所在的清贵仕途，便如神仙十洲般广阔，是虚写前程之远。一实一虚、一狭一广，反差极其强烈。十洲为《海内十洲记》中神仙所居，以仙境喻清途，既浪漫又尊贵，把一场「赴簿」写得如入仙境。张方平以此慰祝生：莫以孤艇之野为念，你脚下的清涂本连十洲。这种以「过度」的赞美表达期许的笔法，正见宋人交游「以道相许」的慷慨。读此二句，卑官之叹顿消，唯余对前程的敞亮。

The neck couplet is the poem's most imaginative stroke, writing the remote place and broad road through wild against immortal. The wild delight may be but a lone boat writes the solitude of his going to Dongyang - a lone skiff, wild delight, the solid description of a remote post. Yet the pure road is even now the Isles of the Blest suddenly rises: the pure, noble official road under your feet is as vast as the ten immortal isles, the void writing the far reach of his future. One solid one void, one narrow one broad, the contrast extremely strong. The ten isles are the dwelling of immortals in the Record of the Ten Isles within the Sea; using the immortal realm for the pure road is at once romantic and noble, writing a going-as-clerk as if entering a fairyland. Fangping thus comforts Zhu Sheng: do not mind the wildness of the lone boat; the pure road under your feet already joins the ten isles. This way of expressing expectation through praise beyond measure shows the generosity of Song friendship that pledges itself by the way. Reading these two lines, the sigh of the low post vanishes, leaving only an open road ahead.

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Word focus

聊 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 聊字在「溪山聊薄宦」中是分寸之笔。它本训「苟且、姑且」，此处作「暂且、不过」解：东阳溪山，对你而言不过是姑且寄身的薄宦之所。这个字极有态度——张方平不写「屈就」「奈何」，而用一个轻描淡写的「聊」，把主簿的卑职化作人生一站，毫无伤卑之态。在送后进的语境里，「聊」字传递的是前辈的笃定：你不会困于此，此乃暂寄。若易以「作」「为」，便成平叙；用「聊」，则带出「不足挂齿、来日方长」的从容。小字见器识，是奖掖诗中极提气的一个字。

自 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 自字在「才调自名流」中是底气之笔。它强调「本来如此、不假外求」——你的才调本就属于名流，不是我捧出来的。这个字，把称美从「他人的评价」升格为「自身的确证」，份量极重。在宋人奖掖诗里，「自」字常见（如「文自名世」），因为它契合士大夫「才由天授、名从实归」的信念。张方平炼此一字，既尊且切：我知你，知你之才非偶得。若易以「本」「亦」，虽近意而少此斩截之力。一字之择，见其「以道相许」的笃定，是称美后进最提气的一个字。

十洲 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 十洲二字在「清涂即十洲」中是全诗浪漫的凝结点，分量极重。它本指《海内十洲记》中祖洲、瀛洲等十处神仙洲岛，张方平借以喻清贵仕途——你所在的清涂，便如神仙十洲般广阔无垠。这两个字，把一场「赴簿」的实写，瞬间升华为对前程的仙界想象，既浪漫又尊贵。在宋人送别中，以仙典喻仕途并不罕见，但用于一位初任主簿的青年，则显出前辈「过度」的期许与慷慨。十洲与上文「孤艇」形成野对仙、狭对广的强烈反差，把「境僻道不穷」的主旨写到极致。二字收束中联，使全诗由实入虚、由卑升高，是张方平「以道相许」诗风最醒目的标志。