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宋 Song · 词 Ci lyric

宴清都

The Feast of the Clear Capital

吴文英

Wu Wenying

绣幄鸳鸯柱。
红情密，腻云低护秦树。
芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒。
东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股。
障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度。
人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露。
连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处。
凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语。
叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。

The embroidered curtain, the column of the mandarin ducks.
The fragrant root, leaning together,
The flower tip, the golden meeting,
The brocade screen, the people envy.
The east wind, sleeping full, the crossing branches,
Just dreaming the flower, the jade hairpin, the swallow tail.
Relying on whom, to sing the long regret for the song,
The dark hall locks, the autumn lamp, the night talk.
Narrating the old time, not failing the spring vow,
The red dawns, the green dusks.
Listen

Meaning

A lyric of the flower and the regret, written by Wu Wenying. The embroidered curtain, the column of the mandarin ducks — the fragrant root, leaning together, the flower tip, the golden meeting, the brocade screen, the people envy — the paired flowers of the curtain, the envy of the screen. The east wind, sleeping full, the crossing branches, just dreaming the flower, the jade hairpin, the swallow tail — the sleeping flowers and the dream of the jade hairpin. Relying on whom, to sing the long regret for the song, the dark hall locks, the autumn lamp, the night talk — the long regret of the song, the locked hall and the night talk. Narrating the old time, not failing the spring vow, the red dawns, the green dusks — the old time and the kept vow, the dawns and the dusks. The lyric is the flower and the regret: the paired flowers, the long regret of the song, and the close's kept spring vow.

绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树。芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒。东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股。障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度。人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露。连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处。凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语。叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] The embroidered curtain, the column of the mandarin ducks. The fragrant root, leaning together, the flower tip, the golden meeting, the brocade screen, the people envy. The east wind, sleeping full, the crossing branches, just dreaming the flower, the jade hairpin, the swallow tail. Relying on whom, to sing the long regret for the song, the dark hall locks, the autumn lamp, the night talk. Narrating the old time, not failing the spring vow, the red dawns, the green dusks. [Structure and Thought] The lyric moves from the paired flowers and the envy of the screen, through the sleeping flowers and the dream of the jade hairpin, to the long regret of the song and the close's kept spring vow with the red dawns and the green dusks. [Key Technique] The lyric's art is the layering of the flower and the regret: the paired flowers of the curtain against the envy of the screen; and the long regret of the song with the kept spring vow — the flower and the regret gathered in the close's vow. [Emotional Tone] Dense, regretful, and keeping: the lyric is the flower and the regret, the paired flowers and the close's kept vow.

【白话串讲】 吴文英写《宴清都》：“绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树”——“芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒”——“东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股”——“人间万感幽单”——他写连理花——人间万感幽单。 【意象与手法】 “绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树”写连理海棠；“芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒”写芳根兼倚；“东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股”写东风睡足；“人间万感幽单”写万感幽单；结以“叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮”写不负春盟。咏物含情、含蓄深婉。 【情感与主旨】 吴文英咏连理海棠之作，写连理枝的相依与“人间万感幽单”的对照，寄托对人间情爱的咏叹，是梦窗咏物词的代表。 【名句点睛】 常考“芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒”以芳根兼倚写连理；“人间万感幽单”以万感幽单写对照。

Background

Wu Wenying (c. 1200–1260), the master of the dense and ornate lyric of the Southern Song, wrote this 'Feast of the Clear Capital' of the flower and the regret — the paired flowers and the memory. The embroidered curtain and the column of the mandarin ducks with the fragrant root leaning together, the envy of the brocade screen, the sleeping flowers with the dream of the jade hairpin, the long regret of the song with the dark hall and the autumn lamp, and the close's kept spring vow with the red dawns and the green dusks — the lyric gathers the regret of the flower, the paired and the vow. The lyric is one of the masterworks of the dense school.

《宴清都》为南宋词人吴文英所作词。吴文英（约1200—约1260），字君特，号梦窗，四明（今浙江宁波）人，南宋词人，词风密丽深婉，为「梦窗词」之宗。此词咏连理海棠，为咏物之作。词中「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」写绣幄鸳鸯柱；「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」写芳根兼倚；「东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股」写东风睡足；「障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度」写嫠蟾羞度；「人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露」写华清惯浴；「连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处」写连鬟并暖；「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」写为歌长恨；「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」写不负春盟。吴文英此词以咏海棠、不负春盟写其爱花之情，含蓄深婉，是吴文英词中的名篇。此篇《宴清都》在历代选本中多被收录，其艺术价值与流传之广，正可见此诗在同类题材中的重要地位。诗人以匠心独运之笔写寻常之情事，遂使此作历千载而犹有生气，为后人所称赏不绝。

Art

The lyric's art is the art of the flower and the regret. The paired flowers open: the embroidered curtain, the column of the mandarin ducks — the fragrant root, leaning together, the flower tip, the golden meeting, the brocade screen, the people envy — the paired flowers of the curtain, the envy of the screen. The dream follows: the east wind, sleeping full, the crossing branches, just dreaming the flower, the jade hairpin, the swallow tail — the sleeping flowers and the dream of the jade hairpin. The regret: relying on whom, to sing the long regret for the song, the dark hall locks, the autumn lamp, the night talk — the long regret of the song, the locked hall and the night talk. And the close gathers the vow: narrating the old time, not failing the spring vow, the red dawns, the green dusks — the old time and the kept vow, the dawns and the dusks — the flower and the regret, the paired flowers and the kept vow, gathered in the close.

此词艺术上以「含蓄深婉、密丽以情」见长。全词上片写绣幄鸳鸯柱与芳根兼倚，下片写华清惯浴与不负春盟。上片「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」写绣幄鸳鸯柱：绣幄鸳鸯柱，红情密，腻云低护秦树；「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」写芳根兼倚：芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒；「东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股」写东风睡足：东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股；「障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度」写嫠蟾羞度：障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度。下片「人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露」写华清惯浴：人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露；「连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处」写连鬟并暖：连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处；「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」写为歌长恨：凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语；「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」写不负春盟：叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。全词含蓄深婉，密丽以情，是吴文英词中的名篇。

Allusions

'The column of the mandarin ducks' (Yuanyang zhu) is the column of the mandarin ducks — the paired column of the curtain; 'the golden meeting' (dian he) is the golden meeting — the golden meeting of the flower tip; 'the swallow tail' (yan gu) is the tail of the swallow — the jade hairpin of the swallow tail; 'the long regret' (chang hen) is the long regret — the long regret of the song, the song of the regret; 'the red dawns, the green dusks' (hong chao cui mu) are the dawns and the dusks — the red dawns and the green dusks, the days of the kept vow.

词中「绣幄鸳鸯柱」「红情密」「腻云低护秦树」「芳根兼倚」「花梢钿合」「锦屏人妒」「东风睡足交枝」「梦花瑶钗燕股」「障滟蜡」「满照欢丛」「嫠蟾冷落羞度」「人间万感幽单」「华清惯浴」「春盎风露」「连鬟并暖」「同心共结」「向承恩处」「凭谁为歌长恨」「暗殿锁秋灯夜语」「叙旧期不负春盟」「红朝翠暮」等语，皆含典故故实。「绣幄鸳鸯柱」写绣幄鸳鸯柱；「红情密」写红情密；「腻云低护秦树」写腻云低护秦树（秦树为海棠名种，杜甫「秦城楼阁烟花里，汉主山河锦绣中」亦写秦）；「芳根兼倚」写芳根兼倚；「花梢钿合」写花梢钿合；「锦屏人妒」写锦屏人妒；「东风睡足交枝」用杨贵妃海棠春睡之典（玄宗以海棠睡未足喻杨妃），写东风睡足；「梦花瑶钗燕股」写梦花瑶钗燕股；「障滟蜡」写障滟蜡；「满照欢丛」写满照欢丛；「嫠蟾冷落羞度」写嫠蟾冷落羞度（嫠蟾为孤月）；「人间万感幽单」写人间万感幽单；「华清惯浴」用杨贵妃华清池沐浴之典；「春盎风露」写春盎风露；「连鬟并暖」写连鬟并暖；「同心共结」写同心共结；「向承恩处」写向承恩处；「凭谁为歌长恨」用白居易《长恨歌》之典；「暗殿锁秋灯夜语」用《长恨歌》「夕殿萤飞思悄然，孤灯挑尽未成眠」之意；「叙旧期不负春盟」写叙旧期不负春盟；「红朝翠暮」写红朝翠暮。词人以海棠春睡、华清沐浴、长恨歌等典入词，不着痕迹，而把咏海棠之情写得真切可感，是善于熔铸典故的体现。

Commentary

This lyric is one of the masterworks of Wu Wenying's dense school, quoted for the density of its paired images and the vow of its close. The paired flowers and the long regret of the song, and the kept spring vow, are among the admired passages of the master's lyrics. Critics praise the lyric's density: the flower and the regret gathered in the paired images, to the close's kept vow.

这首《宴清都》，是吴文英写咏物咏海棠之作，写绣幄鸳鸯柱、华清惯浴、不负春盟之情，含蓄深婉。上片写绣幄鸳鸯柱与芳根兼倚：「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」——绣幄鸳鸯柱，红情密，腻云低护秦树。写绣幄鸳鸯柱：绣幄鸳鸯柱、红情密，腻云低护秦树——绣幄鸳鸯柱、红情密、腻云护秦树；「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」——芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒。写芳根兼倚：芳根兼倚、花梢钿合，锦屏人妒——芳根兼倚、花梢钿合、锦屏人妒；「东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股」——东风睡足交枝（用海棠春睡之典），正梦花、瑶钗燕股。写东风睡足：东风睡足交枝、正梦花瑶钗燕股——东风睡足、梦花瑶钗；「障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度」——障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度。写嫠蟾羞度：障滟蜡满照欢丛、嫠蟾冷落羞度——照欢丛、孤月羞度。下片写华清惯浴与不负春盟：「人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露」——人间万感幽单，华清惯浴（用华清池之典），春盎风露。写华清惯浴：人间万感幽单、华清惯浴，春盎风露——万感幽单、华清惯浴；「连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处」——连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处。写连鬟并暖：连鬟并暖、同心共结，向承恩处——连鬟并暖、同心共结；「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」——凭谁为歌长恨（用长恨歌之典），暗殿锁、秋灯夜语（用孤灯挑尽之意）。写为歌长恨：凭谁为歌长恨、暗殿锁秋灯夜语——为歌长恨、暗殿秋灯；「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」——叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。写不负春盟：叙旧期不负春盟、红朝翠暮——叙旧期、不负春盟、红朝翠暮。这「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」，是全词之结：以不负春盟写其爱花。全词含蓄深婉，密丽以情，正是吴文英词中的名篇。

Prosody

Form Yanqingdou (The Feast of the Clear Capital), a long lyric of the dense school词（宴清都，长调）
Rhyme The lyric rhymes on the oblique-tone words of the group — the turning, oblique rhyme that carries the dense regret.此词为《宴清都》调，长调一百零二字，上片下片各十一句。押仄声韵：「柱」「树」「妒」「股」「度」「露」「处」「语」「暮」押遇部韵。词体依词谱而定，长调铺叙，句式长短错落，音节随情起伏，正与写咏物咏海棠的含蓄深婉相称，也见其以长调写咏物的自然。
Tone pattern The cadence is that of the flower and the regret: the dense opening with the paired flowers, the turning with the long regret, and the close's fall with the kept spring vow.句式上，上片「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」写绣幄鸳鸯柱，音节密丽；「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」写芳根兼倚，音节顿挫；「东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股」写东风睡足，音节委婉；「障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度」写嫠蟾羞度，音节低回；下片「人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露」写华清惯浴，音节婉转；「连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处」写连鬟并暖，音节舒徐；「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」写为歌长恨，音节沉郁；「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」写不负春盟，音节绵长。全词音节随情起伏，由密丽而顿挫、由婉转而绵长，正合长调「铺叙」之妙，读来如咏海棠、不负春盟之音，含蓄而动人。
Reading note The lyric's sound matches its density: the long, turning cadence of the flower, and the close — 'xu jiu qi, bu fu chun meng, hong chao cui mu' — falls with the kept vow, the sound of the dawns and the dusks of the keeping.此词为《宴清都》调，是吴文英写咏物咏海棠之作，也是其词中的名篇。全词的艺术特色在于「含蓄深婉、密丽以情」：上片「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」写绣幄鸳鸯柱、「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」写芳根兼倚、「东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股」写东风睡足、「障滟蜡、满照欢丛，嫠蟾冷落羞度」写嫠蟾羞度；下片「人间万感幽单，华清惯浴，春盎风露」写华清惯浴、「连鬟并暖，同心共结，向承恩处」写连鬟并暖、「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」写为歌长恨、「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」写不负春盟。全词含蓄深婉，密丽以情。尤为精妙者，是「东风睡足交枝」用海棠春睡之典；而「凭谁为歌长恨」化用长恨歌之意，正是吴文英词「密丽深婉」的典范，为历代词选所常收。

Line by line

绣幄鸳鸯柱。

The embroidered curtain, the column of the mandarin ducks.

绣幄鸳鸯柱。

An embroidered awning on mandarin-duck pillars.

首句写绣幄鸳鸯柱，起笔即见其花。「绣幄鸳鸯柱」写绣幄鸳鸯柱，「绣幄」写锦绣之帷幄、「鸳鸯柱」写如鸳鸯之柱。一句以「绣幄」写花之锦帐、「鸳鸯柱」写其相连如鸳鸯之柱，写尽绣幄鸳鸯柱之情——海棠如绣幄、如鸳鸯柱。以物起兴，含蓄而密丽，是「以物起兴」的妙笔。此句以寥寥数语写尽深意，情韵兼胜，正是全诗点睛之笔。其于字句之间暗藏波澜，于平易之中寄寓曲折，尤当反复涵泳，方能得其三昧。

The opening line writes the embroidered awning on mandarin-duck pillars, the first stroke at once seeing the flower. One line using the embroidered awning for the flower's brocade curtain and the mandarin-duck pillars for the joined pillars, exhausting the crabapple like embroidered awning and mandarin-duck pillar. Using the thing's uprising, reserved and dense-pretty, the thing-uprising wondrous brush.

芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒。

The fragrant root, leaning together, the flower tip, the golden meeting, the brocade screen, the people envy.

芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒。

Fragrant roots lean together, flower tips meet like a jeweled box; the girl behind the brocade screen is jealous.

此三句写芳根兼倚，是全词写连理之态的关键。「芳根兼倚」写芳根兼倚，「芳根」写芬芳之根、「兼倚」写相并而倚；「花梢钿合」写花梢钿合，「花梢」写花梢、「钿合」写如钿盒相合；「锦屏人妒」写锦屏人妒，「锦屏人」写锦屏中人、「妒」写嫉妒。三句一写芳根兼倚、一写花梢钿合、一写锦屏人妒，以芳根兼倚写连理、以花梢钿合写花合、以锦屏人妒写人妒，写尽芳根兼倚、花梢钿合、锦屏人妒之情。以连理写态，含蓄而深婉，是「以连理写态」的点睛之笔。

These three lines write the fragrant roots' mutual leaning, the whole ci's linked-branches-pose key. The fragrant-roots-lean-together writing the fragrant roots and mutual leaning; the flower-tips-meet-like-a-jeweled-box writing the flower tips and the jeweled-box meeting; the girl-behind-the-brocade-screen-is-jealous writing the jealousy. Three lines one writing the roots' leaning, one the tips' meeting, one the girl's jealousy, using the roots' leaning for the linked branches, the tips' meeting for the flower's meeting, and the girl's jealousy for the human envy, exhausting the roots' leaning and the screen-girl's jealousy. Using the linked-branches for the pose-writing, reserved and deep-gentle, the linked-branches-writes-pose telling stroke.

东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股。

The east wind sleeps full on the crossed boughs; it dreams now of flowers, of jade hairpins and swallow-shaped pins.

东风睡足交枝，正梦花、瑶钗燕股。

The east wind has slept its fill on crossed branches; it dreams of flowers, of jade pins and swallow-shaped hairpins.

此三句写东风睡足，是全词以人写花的关键。「东风睡足交枝」写东风睡足交枝，用海棠春睡之典写东风睡足；「正梦花、瑶钗燕股」写正梦花瑶钗燕股，「正梦花」写正梦着花、「瑶钗燕股」写瑶钗如燕股。三句一写东风睡足交枝、一写正梦花瑶钗燕股，以东风睡足写花如睡、以梦花瑶钗燕股写其如钗之梦，写尽东风睡足、梦花瑶钗燕股之情。以人写花，含蓄而深婉，是「以人写花」的点睛之笔。

These three lines write the east wind's sleep-fulfillment, the whole ci's person-writes-flower key. The east-wind-has-slept-its-fill-on-crossed-branches using the crabapple-spring-sleep allusion; it-dreams-of-flowers-of-jade-pins-and-swallow-shaped-hairpins writing the flower-dream and the jade-pin-like-swallow's-wing. Three lines one writing the sleep-fulfillment and one the flower-dream jade-pin, using the sleep-fulfillment for the flower's like-sleep and the dream-flower jade-pin for the dream-like-hairpin, exhausting the sleep and the dream. Using the person for the flower-writing, reserved and deep-gentle, the person-writes-flower telling stroke.

凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语。

Relying on whom, to sing the long regret for the song, the dark hall locks, the autumn lamp, the night talk.

凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语。

On whom can I call to sing the Everlasting Wrong? The dark hall is locked; the autumn lamp talks in the night.

此二句写为歌长恨，是全词以典写情的关键。「凭谁为歌长恨」写凭谁为歌长恨，用长恨歌之典写为歌长恨；「暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」写暗殿锁秋灯夜语，用孤灯挑尽之意写暗殿秋灯夜语。两句一写凭谁为歌长恨、一写暗殿锁秋灯夜语，以长恨写其恨、以暗殿秋灯写夜之冷，写尽为歌长恨、暗殿秋灯夜语之情。以典写情，含蓄而深婉，是「以典写情」的点睛之笔。

These two lines write the singing of the Everlasting Wrong, the whole ci's allusion-writes-feeling key. On-whom-can-I-call-to-sing-the-Everlasting-Wrong using the Everlasting-Wrong-Song allusion; the dark-hall-is-locked-the-autumn-lamp-talks-in-the-night using the lone-lamp's burning-out meaning. Two lines one writing the song and one the dark-hall autumn-lamp, using the Everlasting Wrong for the grief and the dark-hall autumn-lamp for the night's cold, exhausting the song and the night talk. Using the allusion for the feeling-writing, reserved and deep-gentle, the allusion-writes-feeling telling stroke.

叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。

Narrating the old time, not failing the spring vow, the red dawns, the green dusks.

叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮。

Talk of the old tryst, not failing the spring vow; red in the morning, green at evening.

尾三句写不负春盟，是全词立意的落点。「叙旧期」写叙旧期，「叙」写叙说、「旧期」写旧日之期；「不负春盟」写不负春盟，「不负」写不辜负、「春盟」写春日之盟；「红朝翠暮」写红朝翠暮，「红朝」写红之朝、「翠暮」写翠之暮。三句一写叙旧期、一写不负春盟、一写红朝翠暮，以叙旧期写旧约、以不负春盟写其守盟、以红朝翠暮写朝夕之红翠，写尽叙旧期、不负春盟、红朝翠暮之情。以盟写情，含蓄而深挚，是全词最动人处，也是「以盟写情」的点睛之笔。

The closing three lines write the not-failing-the-spring-vow, the whole ci's intention landing. The talk-of-the-old-tryst writing the old tryst's narration; the not-failing-the-spring-vow writing the vow-keeping; the red-in-the-morning-green-at-evening writing the morning-red and evening-green. Three lines one writing the old tryst, one the vow, one the red-morning-green-evening, using the old-tryst for the old promise, the not-failing-vow for the vow-keeping, and the red-morning-green-evening for the day-and-night's color, exhausting the tryst and the vow. Using the vow for the feeling-writing, reserved and deep, the whole ci's most moving place, the vow-writes-feeling telling stroke.

Study

Word focus

兼倚 'Leaning together' — the fragrant root leaning together, the paired roots. 「兼倚」写芳根兼倚，是写连理之态的关键。「芳根兼倚」着一「兼倚」，写相并而倚——着一「兼倚」，写芳根相并而倚，见连理之态。两字写尽兼倚之态，是「以词写连理」的妙笔。「兼倚」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
妒 'To envy' — the brocade screen, the people envy, the envy of the paired. 「妒」字写锦屏人妒，是写海棠之美关键。「锦屏人妒」着一「妒」，写嫉妒——着一「妒」字，写锦屏之人见花而妒，见花之美。一字写尽人妒之情，是「以一字写美」的点睛之词。「妒」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
惯 'Accustomed' — the accustomed of the flowers, the familiarity of the pairing. 「惯」字写华清惯浴，是写花如浴之态的关键。「华清惯浴」着一「惯」，写惯常——着一「惯」字，用华清池之典写海棠惯于沐浴，见其娇态。一字写尽惯浴之娇，是「以一字写态」的点睛之词。「惯」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。
负 'To fail' — not failing the spring vow, the kept vow. 「负」字写不负春盟，是写其守盟之心的关键。「不负春盟」着一「负」，写辜负——着一「负」字，写不负春日之盟，见其守盟之诚。一字写尽不负之盟，是「以一字写情」的点睛之词。「负」一字之用而全篇生色，与诗中情韵相为表里，正见诗人炼字之精与匠心之独运。读者于此等处若细细体会，自能领会其于平淡之中见功力、于寻常处见神奇之妙。

Related Reading

山园小梅 The Small Plum in the Mountain Garden 林逋 · 同写咏花清雅、以物寄情，一写疏影横斜水清浅暗香浮动月黄昏、一写芳根兼倚花梢钿合，皆于咏花之中见寄情 Both are the lyrics of the flower and the keeping — the plum of the hermit, the paired flowers of the regret — the two flowers of the keeping.

Lin Bu's 'The Small Plum in the Mountain Garden' — 'the sparse shadows, the slanting water' — is the plum of the hermit's keeping; Wu Wenying's 'Feast of the Clear Capital' — 'the paired flowers, the envy of the screen' — is the flower of the regret — the two flowers of the keeping, the one of the shadow, the other of the pair.

林逋《山园小梅》「疏影横斜水清浅，暗香浮动月黄昏」，写梅之清雅，是宋诗咏物的绝唱；吴文英《宴清都》则以「绣幄鸳鸯柱。红情密，腻云低护秦树」「芳根兼倚，花梢钿合，锦屏人妒」写绣幄鸳鸯柱、芳根兼倚。两词同写咏花清雅、以物寄情：一写疏影横斜水清浅暗香浮动月黄昏、以梅写清，一写芳根兼倚花梢钿合、以海棠写密；一为林逋之清逸、一为吴文英之密丽，并读正可见宋代写「咏花寄情」的两种笔法，皆于咏花之中见寄情。

 晏殊·蝶恋花·槛菊愁烟兰泣露 Butterflies Lingering over Flowers: The Fence Chrysanthemums Sorrow in the Smoke, the Orchids Weep in the Dew 晏殊 · 同写花间凝愁、时序之感，一写槛菊愁烟兰泣露、一写凭谁为歌长恨暗殿锁秋灯夜语，皆于花月之中见凝愁 Both are the lyrics of the flower and the sorrow — the chrysanthemums of the smoke, the paired flowers of the regret — the two sorrows of the flower.

Yan Shu's 'Butterflies Lingering over Flowers' — 'the fence chrysanthemums sorrow in the smoke' — is the sorrow of the flower of the autumn; Wu Wenying's 'Feast of the Clear Capital' — 'the long regret of the song' — is the regret of the flower of the spring — the two sorrows of the flower, the one of the autumn, the other of the spring.

晏殊《蝶恋花·槛菊愁烟兰泣露》「槛菊愁烟兰泣露。罗幕轻寒，燕子双飞去」，写秋景凝愁，是宋词写愁的名篇；吴文英《宴清都》则以「凭谁为歌长恨，暗殿锁、秋灯夜语」「叙旧期、不负春盟，红朝翠暮」写为歌长恨、不负春盟。两词同写花间凝愁、时序之感：一写槛菊愁烟兰泣露、以菊烟写愁，一写凭谁为歌长恨暗殿锁秋灯夜语、以长恨写愁；一为晏殊之温润、一为吴文英之密丽，并读正可见宋词写「花月凝愁」的两种笔法，皆于花月之中见凝愁。