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南北朝 Northern and Southern Dynasties · 诗 Poem

代出自蓟北门行

Substituting for 'Going Forth from the North Gate of Ji'

鲍照

Bao Zhao

边塞frontier 爱国patriotism 乐府yuefu

羽檄起边亭，烽火入咸阳。
征师屯广武，分兵救朔方。
严秋筋竿劲，虏阵精且强。
天子按剑怒，使者遥相望。
雁行缘石径，鱼贯度飞梁。
箫鼓流汉思，旌甲被胡霜。
疾风冲塞起，沙砾自飘扬。
马毛缩如猬，角弓不可张。
时危见臣节，世乱识忠良。
投躯报明主，身死为国殇。

Feathered dispatches rise at the border posts; beacon-fire reaches Xianyang.
The levied army camps at Guangwu; detachments go to rescue Shuofang.
In the stern autumn the bows are strong; the foe's ranks are elite and mighty.
The Son of Heaven lays hand on sword in wrath; envoys gaze at one another from afar.
In wild-goose line they climb the stony path; in fish-file they cross the flying bridge.
Pipes and drums pour forth Han longing; banners and armor wear the Hu frost.
The swift wind bursts up at the pass; sand and grit drift of themselves.
The horses' coats shrink like the hedgehog; the horn-bows cannot be drawn.
In perilous times one sees the minister's integrity; in troubled age one knows the loyal and good.
Cast the body to repay the bright lord; die, and become a sacrifice for the state.

Listen

Meaning

From the outbreak of border war to the freezing battlefield, the poem celebrates the soldier who gives his body to his lord and, dying, becomes a hero-spirit of the state.

告急的羽书从边地亭障传开，烽火一直燃到了咸阳。征讨的大军屯驻广武，又分兵去救援朔方。深秋时节刀枪劲利，敌阵精锐而又强盛。天子按剑而起满腔怒火，使者往来遥遥相望。队伍如雁阵沿着石径而上，又似游鱼连贯渡过飞桥。箫鼓声中流淌着汉家的思绪，旌旗铠甲披满了胡地的寒霜。疾风猛地冲破关塞卷起，沙石随风自在飘扬。战马毛耸像刺猬般蜷缩，角弓冻得难以拉张。时局危殆方见臣子的气节，世道混乱才识忠良的本色。拼却身躯报答圣明的君主，即便战死也化作国中的殇魂。

Appreciation

It unfolds the whole of march and battle in a fu-style exposition, its pictures jumping yet its momentum continuous. Horses' coats shrink like the hedgehog and horn-bows cannot be drawn write the extremity of cold in small detail; the close suddenly lifts, moving from scene to argument, raising the frontier's bitter cold into a hymn of loyalty — vigorous and forceful.

【白话串讲】 “羽檄起边亭，烽火入咸阳”——鲍照写边塞告急：羽檄传来，烽火入城。“天子按剑怒，使者遥相望”——“疾风冲塞起，沙砾自飘扬”——大风卷着沙砾。“投躯报明主，身死为国殇”——他要为国捐躯。【意象与手法】以赋笔铺陈行军作战全貌，画面跳跃而气势连贯。马毛缩如猬、角弓不可张以细节写酷寒之烈；结尾陡然振起，由景入论，将边塞苦寒升华为忠节之颂，刚健遒劲。【情感与主旨】歌颂边将勇士以身许国、马革裹尸的壮烈情怀，也暗含对时危世乱中方显忠良的慨叹。鲍照以寒士之笔写英雄之气，沉郁中见风骨。【名句点睛】投躯报明主，身死为国殇——化用《楚辞·国殇》，将个体死生托于国事，掷地有声，是全篇精神所聚。

Background

Bao Zhao lived in a Southern dynasty where the cold-clan was oppressed and northern campaigns were frequent; this poem imitates the yuefu Going Forth from the North Gate of Ji to write the border affairs of his day — celebrating the soldiers' loyalty and courage, yet also lodging a cold-clansman's zeal to serve the state and die if need be.

鲍照字明远，南朝宋杰出诗人，出身寒微而才高志大，一生沉沦下僚，曾任临海王刘子顼参军，后死于乱军。其诗以乐府见长，尤擅七言歌行，风格遒丽奔放，对唐代李白、高适、岑参诸家影响甚巨。代出自蓟北门行中代字表明此乃拟作，原题出自蓟北门行为乐府旧题，多写边塞征战、将士赴敌之事，鲍照借以抒写报国之志与忠节之颂。南朝时期，偏安江左，北疆屡受鲜卑侵扰，朝廷虽少大规模北伐，而边患与收复之思未尝断绝，士人每以汉世征伐自况。鲍照身为寒士，久怀建功之心而时命不偶，此诗表面写边将勇士以身许国，实亦寄寓其渴望乘时立功、不甘沉沦的慷慨怀抱，故刚健之中自有风骨，迥异于齐梁柔靡之音。鲍照身出寒微而才高志大，久怀立功之念而时命不偶，此诗表面写边将勇士以身许国，实亦寄寓其渴望乘时立功、不甘沉沦的慷慨怀抱。

Art

The first half spreads the battle like a fu; the second half argues like an admonition. It writes the great climate in the small details of horse-coat and horn-bow; where forceful, there is carving — Bao Zhao's bold, vast yuefu manner.

此诗以赋笔铺陈行军作战之全貌，章法大开大合，气势连贯而画面跳跃。开篇羽檄起边亭、烽火入咸阳，以边警骤起领起，节奏紧迫；继而征师屯广武、分兵救朔方写调兵遣将，严秋筋竿劲、虏阵精且强写敌我之势，天子按剑怒、使者遥相望写庙堂之愤，由边及朝，层次井然。中段雁行缘石径、鱼贯度飞梁写军容，箫鼓流汉思、旌甲被胡霜写征人思绪，疾风冲塞起、沙砾自飘扬、马毛缩如猬、角弓不可张则极力铺写酷寒之烈。末四句时危见臣节陡然振起，由景入论，将边塞苦寒升华为忠节之颂，以投躯报明主、身死为国殇的壮烈誓言收束，刚健遒劲，有汉魏风骨之遗。末四句由景入论，时危见臣节陡然振起，将边塞苦寒升华为忠节之颂，以投躯报明主、身死为国殇的壮烈誓言收束，刚健遒劲，有汉魏风骨之遗。诗以赋笔铺陈行军作战全貌，画面跳跃而气势连贯，由边警、调兵、苦寒至誓师，如画卷层层展开，至尾联以短促斩截收束，声情由铺张转凝定，刚健遒劲。

Allusions

State sacrifice — Qu Yuan's Nine Songs: The State Sacrifice, a hymn for the fallen in battle. Feathered dispatch — an urgent military letter with feathers attached. Shuofang — a northern border commandery.

出自蓟北门行本为乐府杂曲歌辞旧题，古辞多叙将士出征蓟北、戍守边塞之事，鲍照以代字拟之，承其意而翻新。羽檄即插羽的紧急军书，烽火入咸阳以秦都咸阳代指京城，言边警直逼中枢。广武、朔方皆北方边地名，广武在今山西代县，朔方泛指河套以北，皆汉唐征战要地。雁行、鱼贯写军队行列，本于诗经与左传中行阵之喻。汉思之汉借指本国，暗含南北朝对峙中以正统自居之意。国殇典出屈原楚辞九歌之国殇，原为礼赞阵亡将士之作，鲍照移用其意，以身死为国殇明志，使全诗结于悲壮的祭歌气氛，忠烈之气凛然。国殇典出屈原楚辞九歌，原为礼赞阵亡将士之作，鲍照移用其意，以身死为国殇明志，使全诗结于悲壮的祭歌气氛，忠烈之气凛然。羽檄即插羽急书，烽火入咸阳以秦都代京城，广武朔方皆北方边地名，雁行鱼贯写军阵列次，汉思之汉借指本国，国殇则移用楚辞以明志，用典皆贴切而不芜。

Commentary

This poem carries forward the gallantry of Cao Zhi's White Horse and opens the way for High-Tang frontier poetry; Bao Zhao, a cold-clansman writing the heroic breast, is most praised by later men.

此诗向被视为鲍照乐府中刚健一路的代表，明人胡应麟、清人沈德潜皆赏其骨力遒上、逼近汉魏。鲍照处南朝绮靡之世，独能作如此雄肆之作，正见其不随流俗的豪情与寒士立功的渴念。诗中马毛缩如猬、角弓不可张以细微处写绝塞苦寒，向为后世称道；而时危见臣节、世乱识忠良二句，更由边塞一隅提升至乱世忠奸之辨，遂成格言式的警策，常为后人引以励节。李白之奔放、高岑之悲壮，皆可见鲍照此等乐府的胚胎。今人读之，犹能从其金戈铁马中感受到一种超越时代的、关于勇气与牺牲的崇高美感。马毛缩如猬、角弓不可张以细微处写绝塞苦寒，向为后世称道；时危见臣节、世乱识忠良更成格言式警策，常为后人引以励节，开唐人边塞歌行之先声。胡应麟沈德潜皆赏其骨力遒上、逼近汉魏，马毛缩如猬以细微处写绝塞苦寒，时危见臣节更成格言式警策，常为后人引以励节，开唐人边塞歌行之先声，于南朝绮靡中独标刚健。

Prosody

Form Five-character ancient poem五言古诗（拟乐府歌行体）

Rhyme Rhyme scheme not specified in source; a five-character ancient poem with multiple rhyme shifts.通篇基本隔句押韵，韵脚阳、方、强、望、梁、霜、扬、张、良、殇，多属平水韵下平七阳部，一韵贯通，间以望（漾韵去声）相协，古体用韵宽缓。

Tone pattern Rhymes shift several times.五言古体不尚严格平仄，此诗以自然声调行之，奇偶句间大致抑扬相济，换韵处见顿挫，读来朗朗有金石声。

Reading note A ten-line five-character ancient poem; first it spreads the border alarm, the march, the frontier cold, then lifts to minister's integrity and state sacrifice — from narration to hymn, forceful and solemn, the boldness of Mingyuan's frontier poetry.此诗为鲍照拟乐府之作，体制属五言歌行，篇幅较长而一气奔注，最见其遒丽奔放之本色。其用韵多依七阳部一韵到底，阳韵音色开阔洪亮，与全诗金戈铁马、忠烈慷慨的气象正相生发；中穿插去声望字以协，古体用韵宽缓自由，反增流转之致。句式上以赋笔铺排，四句一转或两句一意，由边警、调兵、苦寒至誓师，如画卷层层展开，至尾联投躯报明主、身死为国殇以短促斩截收束，声情由铺张转凝定。鲍照乐府本不以律拘，而能以气运辞、以韵助势，此篇正是其歌行骨力遒上、逼近汉魏的明证，开唐人边塞歌行之先声。

Line by line

羽檄起边亭，烽火入咸阳。

Feathered dispatches rise at the border posts; beacon-fire reaches Xianyang.

告急的羽书从边地亭障传开，烽火一直燃到了咸阳。

Feathered dispatches rise from the border posts; beacon fires reach Xianyang.

开篇两句以极简之笔写出边患骤起、警报频传的紧张局势。羽檄起边亭写军书旁午、亭障烽举，起字见事出突然而急促；烽火入咸阳则以烽火一路燃至京城，夸张而真实地写出危机之深、波及之广。咸阳借指都城，不言边事之远而言烽火之近，反差之中愈显形势之危。这两句不写一兵一卒，而大军压境、举国震动之象已跃然纸上，为后文调兵、出征、苦战作好铺垫，起势如惊雷，是全篇紧张节奏的总开关。

The beacon. Feathered dispatches rise from the border posts; beacon fires reach Xianyang. The border-post-dispatches and the beacon-fires-to-Xianyang are the alarm. To have risen from the posts would be a rising; the feathered-dispatches-rise-from-the-border-posts-beacon-fires-reach-xianyang is the rising.

马毛缩如猬，角弓不可张。

The horses' coats shrink like the hedgehog; the horn-bows cannot be drawn.

战马毛耸像刺猬般蜷缩，角弓冻得难以拉张。

Horses' bristles curl like a hedgehog's; the horn bow cannot be drawn.

此联是诗中写绝塞酷寒最惊警的一笔，以两个具象的细节把边地之苦写到极致。马毛缩如猬，写战马因奇寒而毛骨悚然、蜷缩如刺猬，既状其形态之真切，又暗喻将士与军马同受煎熬的惨烈；角弓不可张则写弓弩冻僵、难以拉开的实战困境，见出自然之威于人力的碾压。两句皆以小见大，不直说天寒地冻，而寒已刺骨。这种于细微处落力的写法，使边塞之苦不流于空泛，反而更具撼人的真实感，也反衬出后文将士投躯报主之志的愈加可贵。

The cold. Horses' bristles curl like a hedgehog's; the horn bow cannot be drawn. The horse-bristles-curled-like-hedgehog and the horn-bow-undrawn are the extreme cold. To have curled like a hedgehog would be a curling; the horses'-bristles-curl-like-a-hedgehog's-the-horn-bow-cannot-be-drawn is the curling.

时危见臣节，世乱识忠良。

In perilous times one sees the minister's integrity; in troubled age one knows the loyal and good.

时局危殆方见臣子的气节，世道混乱才识忠良的本色。

In perilous times a minister's loyalty shows; in disordered ages the faithful are known.

此联由前面的景物铺陈陡然转入议论，是全诗精神的转折点与提炼器。时危与世乱写外在的艰难时世，见与识写内在品格的显现，意谓太平之世忠奸或相混，唯当危乱临头，方分辨得出谁具臣节、谁是忠良。这两句将具体的边塞征战升华为普遍的人格命题，使诗歌超越了一时一地的战事，而具有砥砺气节、辨察忠奸的箴言意味。对仗精整、语重心长，既是对诗中赴敌将士的礼赞，也是诗人自身寒士立身之宣言，故能脱离原境而成为千古传诵的格言。

The loyalty. In perilous times a minister's loyalty shows; in disordered ages the faithful are known. The perilous-times-loyalty-shown and the disordered-ages-faithful-known are the maxim. To have shown loyalty would be a showing; the in-perilous-times-a-minister's-loyalty-shows-in-disordered-ages-the-faithful-are-known is the showing.

投躯报明主，身死为国殇。

Cast the body to repay the bright lord; die, and become a sacrifice for the state.

拼却身躯报答圣明的君主，即便战死也化作国中的殇魂。

He offers his body to repay his lord; though he dies, he falls a guardian of the realm.

结联以壮烈的誓言收束全篇，把前面所有的苦寒、艰危与忠节，最终凝聚为个体献身的决绝。投躯报明主写尽捐躯报国、不计生死的赤诚；身死为国殇则化用楚辞国殇，以战死者为国牺牲的殇魂自许，悲壮中见崇高。国殇二字尤重，将一场边塞之战提升到祭奠忠魂的庄严气氛，使全诗在金戈铁马之后归于肃穆的礼赞。鲍照身为寒士而能作此慷慨之音，既写将士之烈，亦寄自己乘时立功之渴望，读来金石铿锵，千载之下犹能动人肝胆。

The sacrifice. He offers his body to repay his lord; though he dies, he falls a guardian of the realm. The body-offered-to-repay-lord and the death-as-realm-guardian are the close. To have offered the body would be an offering; the he-offers-his-body-to-repay-his-lord-though-he-dies-he-falls-a-guardian-of-the-realm is the offering.

Study

Word focus

入 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 入字在首联烽火入咸阳中看似平常，却是全句张力所在。烽火本起于边亭，诗人不用至、达等平字，而用一入字，便赋予烽火以主动逼近、长驱直入的动态与压迫感，仿佛危机正沿烽燧一线侵入京城心脏。这一动词把空间上的由远及近、危机上的由外侵内写得极其凌厉，与起字呼应，共同构成边患骤发的紧迫节奏。鲍照炼字之妙，常在不经意处见狠劲，此一入字正是以简驭繁、以一字定全篇惊惶基调的范例，深得汉魏乐府刚健用字之髓。

缩如猬 A key expression in the poem. Read it as an image, mood, or grammar point in context. 缩如猬三字以奇特的譬喻写战马畏寒之态，是鲍照乐府中极具感官冲击力的炼字。缩字状马毛因奇冷而悚然蜷起，如字引出猬的意象，使读者既见其形又感其寒。以刺猬之蜷曲写马毛之耸立，比喻新奇而贴切，既出自边地实观，又带几分惊心的夸张，典型体现鲍照诗奇崛生新的造语本领。这一组合不唯写物，更暗写人——将士与坐骑同尝绝塞之苦，物的惨状即是人的惨状，从而为后文忠节之可贵作反衬。炼字至此，可谓以貌写神、以物写人，尽显其乐府造境之工。