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宋 Song · 词 Ci lyric

汉宫春·初自南郑来成都作

Han Gong Chun: Arriving in Chengdu from the South

陆游

Lu You

怀旧Recollection 感慨Meditation

羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川。
吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡。
淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺。
人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然。
何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山。
花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭。
闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前。
君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天。

Feathered arrows, carved bows:
I recall calling eagles at the old stockade,
cutting tigers on the open plain.
With a reed horn at dusk we came home to the field tent,
and the snow lay heavy on the green felt.
Drunken ink ran wet and free:
watch the dragons and serpents fly down the barbarian paper.
Men wrongly credited me with a poet's feeling and a general's plan:
for a while my gift outran my equals.
Why is it that I have come south again,
to watch the market of the double-ninth medicine
and the lantern mountain of the first moon?
In the season of flowers, ten thousand people at play,
hat aslant, whip lowered.
I hear a song and am struck by what is past,
and still, again and again, my tears fall before the cup.
Remember this: the matter of a marquisate still stands,
and I do not believe that merit is decreed by heaven.

Listen

Meaning

Writing on his arrival in the rich, easy city of Chengdu after years in the army at Nanzheng on the frontier, Lu You sets the two lives against each other. He recalls the hard beauty of the camps — hunting eagles, cutting tigers, snow on the felt tent, wine-written verse on barbarian paper — and contrasts it with the soft spectacle of Chengdu: the medicine market of the ninth moon, the lantern mountain of the fifteenth, ten thousand pleasure-seekers with hats aslant. Songs remind him of the past and his tears keep falling, and the poem ends with a defiance: the quest for a marquisate is not yet finished, and he will not agree that fortune is fixed by heaven.

羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川。吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡。淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺。人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然。何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山。花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭。闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前。君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天。

Appreciation

[Plain Paraphrase] A soldier-poet arrives in an easy city and cannot stop comparing it with the frontier he has left. <br>[Structure] The tune runs as a memory with a hinge: eight lines of the Nanzheng past, then the question 'Why is it that I have come south again?' which opens the present, and finally two lines of defiance. <br>[Imagery] The past is cold, hard and physical — snow, felt, a reed horn, ink running on paper — while the present is bright, crowded and public — the medicine market, the lantern mountain, hats aslant, whips lowered. Lu You never says which he prefers; he simply lets the two inventories stand against one another. <br>[The Close] 'I do not believe that merit is decreed by heaven' is more than stubbornness. It is the cry of a man in his fifties who has been sent to a beautiful province for doing nothing, and it is the note on which Lu You's later poems go on ringing.

【白话串讲】陆游写《汉宫春·初自南郑来成都作》：“羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川”——“吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡”——“淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺”——“人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然”——他写从南郑到成都——忆呼鹰古垒。【意象与手法】此词写怀旧，以感慨写怀旧，是陆游的名篇。上阕忆南郑：「羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川。吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡。淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺。人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然」写羽箭雕弓、忆呼鹰古垒、截虎平川——写尽呼鹰的古垒；下阕写感慨：「何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山。花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭。闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前。君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天」写何事又作南来、看重阳药市、元夕灯山——写尽重阳的药市。全词以感慨写怀旧，写尽呼鹰的古垒与重阳的药市，是陆游的代表作。【情感与主旨】此词写怀旧，以感慨写怀旧，是陆游的名篇。此词为陆游自南郑（今陕西汉中）来成都后作，写其对南郑军旅生活的追忆与感慨。陆游曾在南郑从军，此词写其别南郑来成都的怅惘。此词写羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川；吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡；淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺；人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然；何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山；花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭；闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前；君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天。此词忆南郑：羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川——写羽箭雕弓、忆呼鹰古垒、截虎平川，写尽呼鹰的古垒；吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡——写吹笳暮归野帐、雪压青毡，写尽雪压的青毡；淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺——写淋漓醉墨、看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺，写尽飞落的龙蛇；人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然——写人误许、诗情将略、一时才气超然，写尽一时才气超然。下阕写感慨：何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山——写何事又作南来、看重阳药市、元夕灯山，写尽重阳的药市；花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭——写花时万人乐处、欹帽垂鞭，写尽欹帽的垂鞭；闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前——写闻歌感旧、尚时时、流涕尊前，写尽流涕的尊前；君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天——写君记取、封侯事在、功名不信由天，写尽不信由天的功名。全词以感慨写怀旧——那「忆呼鹰古垒」写尽呼鹰的古垒，「功名不信由天」写尽不信由天的功名，写尽呼鹰的古垒与重阳的药市，是理解陆游怀旧词的重要篇章。【名句点睛】常考「羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川」写呼鹰的古垒；「闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前」写流涕的尊前；以及全词以感慨写怀旧、以对比写今昔的手法。

Background

Lu You (1125–1210), courtesy name Wuguan, titled Fangweng, was from Shanyin in modern Shaoxing. He served in the army at Nanzheng in Shaanxi in 1172 under the general Wang Yan and spent about eighteen months hunting and writing; this poem belongs to the years that followed, when he was transferred to the civil service in Chengdu, capital of Sichuan. He outlived most of the people of that generation and wrote some nine thousand poems, almost all of them on the theme of losing the Central Plain to the Jin.

此词写怀旧，以感慨写怀旧，是陆游的名篇。陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋爱国诗人，与尤袤、杨万里、范成大并称「中兴四大诗人」。此词为陆游自南郑（今陕西汉中）来成都后作，写其对南郑军旅生活的追忆与感慨。陆游曾在南郑从军，此词写其别南郑来成都的怅惘。此词写羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川；吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡；淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺；人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然；何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山；花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭；闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前；君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天。此词忆南郑：「羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川」写羽箭雕弓、忆呼鹰古垒、截虎平川——写尽呼鹰的古垒（羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川）；「闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前」写闻歌感旧、尚时时、流涕尊前——写尽流涕的尊前（闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前）；「君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天」写君记取、封侯事在、功名不信由天——写尽不信由天的功名（君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天）；「何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山」写何事又作南来、看重阳药市、元夕灯山——写尽重阳的药市（何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山）。全词以感慨写怀旧，写尽呼鹰的古垒与重阳的药市，是理解陆游怀旧词的重要篇章。

Art

The poem's main device is a pair of inventories. The first, from memory, is made of camp details that no one would choose for comfort — eagles, tigers, snow, a reed horn, an untidy tent — and its luxury is rough. The second, from observation, is made of spectacle: the medicine market and the lantern mountain, ten thousand people, a hat aslant, a whip lowered. Neither list is accompanied by an adjective of approval, and the moral is left to the rhythm of the contrast. Second, the hinge 'Why is it that I have come south again?' converts memory into an accusation in two words and marks the turn from the upper to the lower stanza. Third, the emotional centre is deliberately small: it is not the frontier that hurts but a song heard in a crowd, 'struck by what is past' while ten thousand people cheer, so the isolation is that of a survivor. Finally, the two closing lines lift the whole poem out of complaint by replacing it with a challenge.

此词的艺术特色可从四个方面解析。其一，以写景忆南郑。「羽箭雕弓」以写景忆南郑——那「忆呼鹰古垒」写尽呼鹰的古垒，以写景写尽呼鹰的古垒。其二，以对比写今昔。「忆呼鹰古垒」与「看重阳药市」以对比写今昔——那「何事又作南来」写尽南来的何事，以对比写尽重阳的药市。其三，以直抒写感慨。「闻歌感旧」以直抒写感慨——那「流涕尊前」写尽流涕的尊前，以直抒写尽流涕的尊前。其四，以豪语写功名。「功名不信由天」以豪语写功名——那「君记取、封侯事在」写尽封侯的事在，以豪语写尽不信由天的功名。此外，此词上阕写呼鹰的古垒，下阕写重阳的药市，由忆及慨，正是怀旧词「以今写昔」的写法。四重手法，使此词以感慨写怀旧，写尽呼鹰的古垒与重阳的药市，是陆游的代表作。此外，此词还善于以「淋漓醉墨」的「淋漓」写醉墨之淋漓——那「淋漓」写尽淋漓的醉墨，正是以墨写情，以「看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺」写尽飞落的龙蛇。又善以「欹帽垂鞭」的「欹帽」写欹帽之垂鞭——欹帽垂鞭，正见欹帽信马的写照，以「垂鞭」写尽万人的乐处。

Allusions

The march past the enemy stockade calls for eagles, an old border custom; catching tigers on the plain is a Nanzheng memory and also the old image of the officer's youth. 'Green felt' is the camp's sleeping mat; 'barbarian paper' is Sichuan paper from Jiajiang, and the 'dragons and serpents' for the brush refer to the classic description of cursive script. The double-ninth medicine market and the lantern mountain of the first moon are the two great festivals of Chengdu, the first the business of the old and the poor, the second the brightness of ten thousand lanterns. The 'marquisate' recalls the Han account of Yuan Qian, who refused to be made a marquis because the seal was not his due; Lu You takes the phrase and reverses its purpose.

此词的用语深植于怀旧与感慨传统。「雕弓」令人想到「雕弓」写雕弓的意象——也令人想到「会挽雕弓如满月」（苏轼）的意象；「呼鹰」令人想到「呼鹰」写呼鹰打猎的意象——也令人想到「呼鹰台」的意象；「古垒」令人想到「古垒」写古营垒的意象——也令人想到「古垒萧萧」的意象；「平川」令人想到「平川」写平川的意象——也令人想到「一马平川」的意象；「青毡」令人想到「青毡」写青毡帐的意象——也令人想到「青毡帐暖」的意象；「蛮笺」令人想到「蛮笺」写蜀笺的意象——也令人想到「蛮笺象管」的意象；「元夕灯山」令人想到「元夕灯山」写元宵灯山的意象——也令人想到「东风夜放花千树」（辛弃疾）的意象。全词化用雕弓、呼鹰、古垒、平川、青毡、蛮笺、元夕灯山的意象典故，以感慨写怀旧，正是陆游「沉郁」而善白描、承怀旧传统写感慨之本领。「流涕」令人想到「流涕」写流泪的意象——也令人想到「感时花溅泪」（杜甫）的意象；「封侯」令人想到「封侯」写封侯的意象——也令人想到「封侯万里」的意象，以封侯写功名。

Commentary

Readers have treated this poem as a document of Lu You's double life — the soldier who never stopped being a soldier and the official who had to appear in silk. Qing commentators called it 'solitary and sorrowing, heroic yet unrestrained', and modern anthologies place it beside the two other poems in which he remembers Nanzheng, 'Su zhong qing' and 'Shu fen', as the earliest of the three. Its most quoted line is the last: 'I do not believe that merit is decreed by heaven', which has been read both as open defiance and as the complaint of a man who still believed in himself enough to be angry.

此词历来被推为陆游怀旧词的名篇，也是宋词写南郑军旅的代表。历代论者对此词评价极高：清人评此词「以感慨写怀旧，沉郁悲壮」；近人更指出「羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川」写呼鹰的古垒，是此词的名句。在诗歌史上，此词的特殊价值在于：它以长调写尽呼鹰的古垒与重阳的药市——那羽箭，那雕弓，那忆呼鹰，那古垒，那截虎，那平川，那吹笳，那暮归，那野帐，那雪压，那青毡，那淋漓，那醉墨，那看龙蛇，那飞落，那蛮笺，那人误许，那诗情将略，那一时才气，那超然，那何事，那又作南来，那看重阳药市，那元夕灯山，那花时，那万人乐处，那欹帽，那垂鞭，那闻歌，那感旧，那尚时时，那流涕，那尊前，那君记取，那封侯事在，那功名，那不信由天，都写尽了陆游笔下的汉宫春初自南郑来成都作；那「功名不信由天」更以豪语写尽不信由天的功名。此词与陆游《诉衷情·当年万里觅封侯》同为怀旧名篇，一写「匹马戍梁州」的诉衷情，一写「忆呼鹰古垒」的汉宫春；一写当年，一写南郑。两词对读，可见陆游怀旧词的连贯。对于今日读者，此词是理解陆游怀旧词的窗口，也是宋词写南郑军旅的经典——那呼鹰的古垒，穿越千年，仍在诉说着不信由天的功名。

Prosody

Form Ci — the tune Han Gong Chun (long register, two stanzas)词·汉宫春

Rhyme Rhymes in the 先 rhyme (chuan, zhan, jian, ran, shan, bian, qian, tian) for both stanzas, one rhyme throughout; the sound is level, open and slightly nasal.汉宫春，上阕押「川」「毡」「笺」「然」，下阕押「山」「鞭」「前」「天」（先韵），一韵到底

Tone pattern Level rhymes throughout and the long lines of the tune, which slows the verse to the pace of recollection and is why the poem can carry a full inventory of memory in a single breath.此词为汉宫春长调，押平声韵，一韵到底，音节悲壮，正合感慨的悲壮。

Reading note The tune is a hundred and eleven characters, and its lines are unusually long — eight, nine and eleven syllables — so that the verse moves as memory does, in long clauses rather than in couplets. The single rhyme (先) is never released, which keeps the two stanzas bound together as one continuous complaint. Read the first stanza as remembering, the 'Why is it' line as asking, and the last two lines as flatly pronounced.此词为汉宫春长调，上下两阕——上阕「羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川。吹笳暮归野帐，雪压青毡。淋漓醉墨，看龙蛇、飞落蛮笺。人误许、诗情将略，一时才气超然」，下阕「何事又作南来，看重阳药市，元夕灯山。花时万人乐处，欹帽垂鞭。闻歌感旧，尚时时、流涕尊前。君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天」，押先韵（川、毡、笺、然、山、鞭、前、天），一韵到底，音节悲壮。全词以感慨写怀旧：上阕写呼鹰的古垒（羽箭雕弓、一时才气超然），下阕写重阳的药市（何事又作南来、功名不信由天）。长调铺叙，前写忆昔，后写感今，以「功名不信由天」写尽不信由天的功名，正见陆游「沉郁」的本色。诵读此词，宜以悲壮的语调读「忆呼鹰古垒」的南郑，以感慨的语调读「流涕尊前」的尊前，结句要读得悲壮而有余韵，方能传达出陆游的沉郁悲壮。陆游长调以「沉郁」著称，此词正是其怀旧词的典范。

Line by line

羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川

Feathered arrows, carved bows: I recall calling eagles at the old stockade, cutting tigers on the open plain.

羽箭雕弓，忆呼鹰古垒，截虎平川。

Feathered arrows, carved bow—remembering hawking by the old ramparts, cutting down a tiger on the plain.

此三句是全词忆南郑的核心，以羽箭雕弓写雕弓，以忆呼鹰古垒写呼鹰古垒，以截虎平川写截虎平川，写尽呼鹰的古垒，是千古名句。「羽箭雕弓」写羽箭雕弓——那「羽箭」写羽箭，「雕弓」写雕弓，写尽羽箭的雕弓；「忆呼鹰古垒」写忆呼鹰古垒——那「忆呼鹰」写忆呼鹰，「古垒」写古垒，写尽呼鹰的古垒；「截虎平川」写截虎平川——那「截虎」写截虎，「平川」写平川，写尽截虎的平川。这句的深意在于：它以「羽箭雕弓」的雕弓、「忆呼鹰古垒」的呼鹰古垒与「截虎平川」的截虎平川，写尽呼鹰的古垒——羽箭雕弓，那「羽箭雕弓」写尽羽箭的雕弓——羽箭雕弓，正是箭弓在手的写照，那「雕弓」写尽呼鹰的古垒；忆呼鹰古垒，那「忆呼鹰古垒」写尽呼鹰的古垒——忆呼鹰古垒，正是忆昔呼鹰的写照，那「古垒」写尽呼鹰的古垒；截虎平川，那「截虎平川」写尽截虎的平川——截虎平川，正是平川截虎的写照，那「平川」写尽呼鹰的古垒；那「羽箭雕弓」写尽羽箭的雕弓，那「忆呼鹰古垒」写尽呼鹰的古垒，那「截虎平川」写尽截虎的平川，一写雕弓，一写呼鹰，一写截虎，写尽呼鹰的古垒——箭弓呼鹰而平川截虎，正是南郑的写照；此三句以雕弓、呼鹰、截虎写尽呼鹰的古垒，也为下文的雪压作铺垫，也让此三句成为全词忆南郑的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「羽箭雕弓，回忆在古垒呼鹰，在平川截虎」，则失其雄豪；唯以「羽箭雕弓」写雕弓、「忆呼鹰古垒」写呼鹰古垒、「截虎平川」写截虎平川，写尽呼鹰的古垒，也让此三句成为全词忆南郑的核心。

The memory. Feathered arrows, carved bow—remembering hawking by the old ramparts, cutting down a tiger on the plain. The weapons, the hawking, the tiger-cutting on the Nanzhen plain are the poet's martial past. To have remembered the army years would be a recollection; the feathered arrows and carved bow against the hawking by the old ramparts and the tiger on the plain are the recollection.

君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天

Remember this: the matter of a marquisate still stands, and I do not believe that merit is decreed by heaven.

君记取、封侯事在，功名不信由天。

Remember: the enfeoffment is still to come; glory, I swear, is not decreed by Heaven.

此三句是全词写功名的核心，以君记取写记取，以封侯事在写封侯事，以功名不信由天写不信由天，写尽不信由天的功名，是千古名句。「君记取」写君记取——那「君」写君，「记取」写记取，写尽记取的君；「封侯事在」写封侯事在——那「封侯事」写封侯事，「在」写在，写尽封侯的事在；「功名不信由天」写功名不信由天——那「功名不信」写功名不信，「由天」写由天，写尽不信由天的功名。这句的深意在于：它以「君记取」的记取、「封侯事在」的封侯事与「功名不信由天」的不信由天，写尽不信由天的功名——君记取，那「君记取」写尽记取的君——君记取，正是请你记住的写照，那「记取」写尽不信由天的功名；封侯事在，那「封侯事在」写尽封侯的事在——封侯事在，正是封侯有望的写照，那「事在」写尽不信由天的功名；功名不信由天，那「功名不信由天」写尽不信由天的功名——功名不信由天，正是功名在人的写照，那「不信由天」写尽不信由天的功名；那「君记取」写尽记取的君，那「封侯事在」写尽封侯的事在，那「功名不信由天」写尽不信由天的功名，一写记取，一写封侯，一写功名，写尽不信由天的功名——封侯事在而功名由人，正是豪语的写照；此三句以记取、封侯、功名写尽不信由天的功名，也让此三句成为全词写功名的核心与千古名句。若换作直说「请你记住，封侯的事业还在，功名不信由天注定」，则失其豪迈；唯以「君记取」写记取、「封侯事在」写封侯事、「功名不信由天」写不信由天，写尽不信由天的功名，也让此三句成为全词写功名的核心。

The vow. Remember: the enfeoffment is still to come; glory, I swear, is not decreed by Heaven. The direct address (remember) and the oath that glory is not Heaven's to decide are the self-encouragement. To have said glory depends on oneself would be a vow; the remember-the-enfeoffment-still-to-come against the glory-not-by-Heaven is the vow.

Study

Word focus

忆 The 'yi' of 'yi hu ying gu lei' — 'to recall, to remember'. It is the verb that governs the whole first stanza: everything after it is only real inside a memory, and the reader is told at once where he stands in time. 「忆呼鹰古垒」之「忆」字是写怀旧关键词，一个「忆」字写尽呼鹰的古垒。忆者，追忆、回忆也。陆游以「忆呼鹰古垒」写怀旧，这个「忆」字至少有双重意味：其一，写垒之忆——那「忆呼鹰古垒」写忆呼鹰古垒，那「忆」字写尽呼鹰的古垒——忆呼鹰，正是追忆呼鹰的写照，那「忆」字写尽呼鹰的古垒；其二，写情之深——那「忆」字更是写深——忆，正见怀旧追昔的深情，那「忆」字写尽陆游的感慨。以「忆」字写怀旧，正是陆游写感慨的枢纽——若换作「念」「思」等字，则或失其与「忆呼鹰」「古垒」的配合，或失其写忆的意味；唯「忆」字，以忆呼鹰古垒写尽古垒之追忆与怀旧之深情，与「羽箭雕弓」的雕弓相合，写尽呼鹰的古垒，也让「忆呼鹰古垒」成为全词写怀旧的名句。

信 The 'xin' of 'gong ming bu xin you tian' — 'to believe, to trust'. Negated, it turns fate into something disputed; Lu You is not merely saying he doubts heaven but flatly declining to accept its verdict. 「功名不信由天」之「信」字是写功名关键词，一个「信」字写尽不信由天的功名。信者，相信、听信也。陆游以「功名不信由天」写功名，这个「信」字至少有双重意味：其一，写天之不信任——那「功名不信由天」写功名不信由天，那「信」字写尽不信由天的功名——不信，正是绝不相信的写照，那「信」字写尽不信由天的功名；其二，写志之坚——那「信」字更是写坚——信，正见不信天命的坚定，那「信」字写尽陆游的感慨。以「信」字写功名，正是陆游写怀旧的枢纽——若换作「从」「依」等字，则或失其与「功名不信」「由天」的配合，或失其写信的意味；唯「信」字，以功名不信由天写尽天命之不信与功名之在人，与「君记取、封侯事在」的封侯相合，写尽不信由天的功名，也让「功名不信由天」成为全词写功名的名句。